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Class notes of subject History chapter 1 The French Revolution
Summary India and the Contemporary World - Social Science
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Allies : initially led by UK and France and joined by USSR and USA in 1941
Nazism : A system, a structure of ideas about the world and politics
Germany's Surrender
● In may 1945, Germany surrendered to the Allies
● Hitler, His propaganda minister Goebbels and his entire family committed suicide in the berlin
bunker in April
● In the end of war, An international military tribunal at Nuremberg was set up to prosecute
Nazi war criminals for crimes against peace, crimes against Humanity.
○ It sentenced only 11 Nazi officials to death and others to life imprisonment
● The allies did not want to be as harsh on defeated Germany as they had been after the 1st
world war.
Germany's Acts during the World War ll
● Germany had waged a mass killing of selected groups of innocent civilians.
● It included 6 million jews, 200,000 Gypsies, 1 million Polish civilians, 70,000 mentally and
physically disabled Germans.
● They killed people by gassing them in centers like Auschwitz
World War l
● Germany fought world war l (1914-1918) along side Austrian Empire against the allies
(France, Russia and England)
● It drained Europe of all its resources
● Germany made gains by occupying France and Belgium
, ● The allies strengthened by the US entry in 1917 defeating Germany and the Central powers in
november 1918
Germany's Democratic Constitution
● A national assembly met at Weimar and established a democratic constitution with federal
structure (Like US)
● German parliament is also known as Reichstag
● Reichstag was on the basis of universal voting (UAF)
● It was not accepted by the people because it was forced to accept defeat of WWI
● The peace treaty at Versailles was harsh
Effects Of War
● Of Germany
○ Lost overseas colonies
○ 1/10 of its population
○ 13% of its territories
○ 75% of iron
○ 26% of coal
○ Demilitarization of Germany
○ Losing of resources of rich Rhineland for much of 1920s to the allied
○ 6 billion in compensations
● Of Europe
○ Had a psychological and financial effect
○ Europe turned itself into a continent of debtors
, Changes in Germany
● Those who supported Weimar republic, mainly Socialists, Catholics and Democrats became easy
targets for the Conservative Nationalist Circles
○ They were mockingly called November Criminals
● Soldiers came to be placed above civilians
○ Politicians and publicists laid great stress on men to be aggressive, strong and masculine.
○ The media glorified trench life but the trench life was miserable
● Popular support grew for conservative dictatorship that had recently come into being
Birth Of Weimar
● The birth of Weimar coincided with the uprising of Spartacist league on the pattern of the
bolshevik revolution in Russia
● The political atmosphere in russia was charged with demands for soviet style government
● The people who opposed it were Catholics, socialists, Democrats who met in Weimar to give
shape to the democratic republic
● It crushed the uprising with the help of war veterans orginations called Free corps.
● The anguished Spartacists later founded the Communis party of Germany
● Both revolutionaries and militant nationalists craved for radical solutions
Economic Crisis of 1923
● Germany had fought highly on loans and had to pay war reparations in gold, depleting the
gold reserves.
● In 1923, Germany refused to pay, and the french occupied its leading industrial area, Ruhr, to
claim coal.
● Therefore Germany printed paper money recklessly.
● Thus making German Mark fell
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