NUR 221 Exam 2 Questions With Verified Answers 2024/2025
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Module
NUR 221
Institution
NUR 221
NUR 221 Exam 2 Questions With Verified Answers 2024/2025
Preterm PROM
rupture of membranes before 37 weeks associated with 10% of all preterm births in America. most likely develops from pathologic weakening of the amniotic membranes caused by inflammation, stress from uterine contractions, or ot...
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NUR 221 Exam 2 Questions With Verified
Answers 2024/2025
Preterm PROM
rupture of membranes before 37 weeks associated with 10% of all preterm births in America. most
likely develops from pathologic weakening of the amniotic membranes caused by inflammation,
stress from uterine contractions, or other factors that cause increased intrauterine pressure. infection
of the urogenital tract is a major risk leading to preterm PROM can be either a gush of liquid or a
small leak
Non Pharmacological pain relief Cutaneous Stimulation strategies
Counter pressure
Effleurage (light massage)
Therapeutic touch and massage
Walking
Rocking
Changing positions
Application of heat or cold
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
Accupressure
Water therapy i.e. baths, showers, whirlpools
Intradermal water block
Non Pharmacological pain relief
Sensory Stimulation strategies
Aromatherapy
Breathing techniques
Music
Imagery
Use of focal points
Non Pharmacological pain relief
Cognitive strategies
Childbirth education
Hypnosis
Biofeedback
cardinal movements of the mechanism of labor
Engagement and descent
Flexion
Internal rotation to occipitoanterior
position
Extension
External rotation beginning (restitution)
External rotation
expulsion
Engagement
when the fetus moves their head past the pelvic inlet, the head is said to be engaged. occurs before
active labor, while abdominal muscles are more relaxed.
, Asynclitism
Oblique presentation of the fetal head at the superior strait of the pelvis; the pelvic planes and those
of the fetal head are not parallel
Descent
refers to the progress of the presenting part through the pelvis. depends on 4 forces. 1. pressure
exerted by the amniotic fluid. 2. direct pressure exerted by the contracting fundus on the fetus. 3.
Force of the contraction of the maternal diaphragm and the abdominal muscles in the second stage of
labor. 4. extension and straightening of the fetal body
Stations of descent
Flexion
as soon as the head reaches resistance from the cervix, pelvic wall or pelvic floor. it normally flexes so
the chin makes contact with the fetal chest
Internal Rotation
The maternal pelvic inlet is widest in the transverse diameter, therefore the fetal head passes the
inlet into the true pelvis in the occipitotransverse position. for the fetus to exit the head must rotate.
internal rotation begins at the level of the ischial spines but is not complete until the presenting part
reaches the lower pelvis. as the occiput rotates anteriorly the face rotates posteriorly. with each
contraction the pelvic bones and muscles guide the fetal head. almost always rotated by the time it
reaches pelvic floor
Extension
when the fetal head reaches the perineum for birth it is deflected anteriorly by the perineum. the
occiput passes under the lower border of the symphysis of pubis first and the head emerges by
extension. first the occiput then the face and finally the chin
restitution and external rotation
After head is born it rotates briefly to the position it occupied when it was engaged in the inlet. this
movement is referred to as restitution. The 45-degree turn realigns the infants head with his or her
back and shoulders. the head can then be seen to rotate further. this external rotation occurs as the
shoulders engage and descend in maneuvers similar to those of the head. anterior shoulder descends
first when it reaches the outlet, it rotates to the midline and is delivered from under the pubic arch.
the posterior shoulder is guided over the perineum until it is free.
Expulsion
After birth of the shoulders, the head and shoulders are lifted up toward the mothers pubic bone, and
the trunk of the the baby is born by flexing it laterally in the direction of the symphysis pubis. when
the baby has emerged completely birth is complete and the second stage of labor ends.
preeclampsia etiology
It occurs in approximately 2% to 7% of healthy nulliparous pregnant women. The incidence and
severity of preeclampsia is substantially higher in women with multifetal gestation, a history of
preeclampsia, chronic hypertension, preexisting diabetes, and preexisting thrombophilias. Women
with limited sperm exposure with the same partner before conception also have a greater risk for
developing preeclampsia. Paternal factors also contribute to the risk for preeclampsia. Men who have
fathered a preeclamptic pregnancy are nearly twice as likely to father another preeclamptic
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