, HOMEOSTASIS AND ORGAN SYSTEM SUMMARY
CASE 1 & LECTURE 1: BLOOD SYSTEM
PART 1: BLOOD
What are the two bloods components?
1. Plasma
2. Cellular elements
• Blood composition is kept relatively constant. When protein levels drop, liver produces
more. When its pH changes kidneys and lungs bring it back to normal.
What is blood plasma?
• Mostly consists of water (92%)
• Also contains a lot of dissolved solutes like;
o Electrolytes (ions)
o Organic molecules (amino acids/proteins/glucose/lipids/nitrogenous bases)
o Gases (CO2/O2)
What are the blood proteins?
1. Albumins
o Most common type (60% of total proteins)
o Made in liver
o Major contributors to colloid osmotic pressure
o They carry various substances
2. Globulins
o Made in liver and lymphoid tissue
o Alpha/beta globulins = carry various substance
o Gamma globulins = clotting factors/antibodies released by plasma during
immune response
3. Fibrinogens
o Made in liver
o From fibrin essential to blood clotting
What are the cellular elements?
• Erythrocytes
• Leukocytes
• Platelets
What is the function of erythrocytes?
• Red blood cells (RBC)
• Does not have nuclei (anucleate) or organelles
1
, • Hemoglobin (Hb) is the main component of the cells and its main role is oxygen
transport
• Contains other proteins but mostly other proteins function to maintain the shape of the
erythrocytes (biconcave shape)
What is the function of leukocytes?
• White blood cells (WBC)
• Has nuclei
• Play a role in immune responses
• Diapedesis: able to slip out of the capillary blood vessels to. move through the tissues
What are the types of leukocytes (from most to least abundant)?
• Neutrophils (phagocytes/granulocytes)
• Lymphocytes (immunocytes)
o T-lymphocytes = act directly to virus infected cells
o B-lymphocytes = produce antibodies
• Monocytes (phagocytes)
• Eosinophils (granulocytes)
• Basophils (granulocytes)
- Phagocytes = can engulf and ingest foreign particles such as bacteria (phagocytosis)
- Granulocytes = contain cytoplasmic inclusions that give them a granular appearance
- Immunocytes = responsible for immune response
What is the function of platelets?
• Do not have nuclei
• They are cell fragments that have split off a relatively large parent cell known as
megakaryocytes
2
, • Responsible for coagulation = process which blood clotting occurs and prevent blood
loss in damaged vessels.
• If not involved in clotting has a life span of 10 days
What happens when you centrifuge blood?
What is the blood cell production?
• Hematopoiesis = formation of blood cells controlled by cytokines
• All blood cells come from a single precursor cell known as hematopoietic stem cell
o They are found in bone marrow
o These cells develop into many different cell types and the specialize
• Hematopoietic stem cell → uncommitted stem cell → progenitor cell →
leukocytes/erythrocytes/platelets
• Erythropoiesis = formation of red blood cells
• Leukopoiesis = formation of white blood cells
• Thrombopoiesis = formation of platelets
What is the function of blood?
1. Distribution; delivering oxygen, transporting hormones and metabolic waste
2. Regulation; maintaining body temperature, normal pH
3. Protection; preventing blood loss by clotting and preventing infections via antibodies
PART 2: TRANSPORT MECHANISMS
What are the two main types of transport mechanisms?
1. Active transport (require ATP)
2. Passive transport (does not require ATP)
What are types of active transport?
• Primary active transport; derives energy directly from hydrolysis of ATP
• Secondary active transport; derives energy secondarily from that has been stored in the
form of ionic concentration
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