Attachment Key Studies (Card Sort) AQA A Level Psychology Paper 1
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Feldman & newborn babies have periodic alert phases & signal they are
Caregiver Infant
Eidelmann ready for interaction which mothers respond to around 2/3 of
Interactions
(2007) the time
observed the beginnings of interactional synchrony in infants
as young as 2 weeks old (adult displayed one of three facial
Meltzof & Caregiver Infant
expressions & child’s response was filmed – there was an
Moore (1977) Interactions
association between the expression/gesture & the child’s
action)
Isabella et al. Caregiver Infant found the high levels of synchrony were associated with better
(1989) Interactions quality mother-infant attachment
Brazleton et Caregiver Infant described reciprocity as a ‘dance’ because it’s like a couple’s
al. (1975) Interactions dance where each partner response to each other’s moves
Most babies primarily attach to their mothers by about 7
SchaFer & months and form secondary attachments to other family
The Role of the
Emerson members, including fathers, within a few weeks to months. By
Father
(1964) 18 months, 75% of infants show attachment to their fathers,
demonstrated by protest when the father leaves.
, found that quality of attachment with father was less important
Grossman The Role of the
than the attachment with the mother (fathers may be less
(2002) Father
important in long-term emotional development)
filmed 4-month old babies & found that primary caregiver
The Role of the
Field (1978) fathers (like mothers), spent more time smiling, imitating &
Father
holding infants than secondary caregiver fathers
Stages of Found that babies go through 4 stages of attachment:
SchaFer
Attachment Asocial, Indiscriminate, Specific & Multiple
In Glasgow, 60 babies, primarily from working-class families,
SchaFer & were visited at home monthly for a year and then at 18 months.
Stages of
Emerson By 25 to 32 weeks, 50% exhibited separation anxiety towards a
Attachment
(1964) specific adult, typically the mother, indicating primary
attachment.
Twelve goose eggs were divided into two groups: one half
hatched naturally with the mother goose, and the other half in
an incubator, where the first moving object they saw was a
human. The incubator group followed the human, while the
Lorenz (1952) Animal Studies
control group followed their mother. A critical period for
imprinting, such as a few hours post-hatching, was identified.
Chicks failed to attach to a mother figure if imprinting did not
occur within this timeframe.
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