BIOD 101 MODULE 6 PORTAGE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
a. Name the three parts of a nucleic acid nucleotide.
b. What are the particular types of each of these that are found in DNA and what are
the corresponding types that are found in RNA? - answera. sugar, phosphate group,
nitrogenous base
b. DNA- deoxyribose- phosphate group- adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
RNA- ribose -phosphate group- adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil
What are the four major differences btw DNA and RNA? - answer1. DNA contains
deoxyribose - RNA is ribose
2. DNA: thymine
RNA: uracil
3. DNA: double stranded helix
RNA: single strand
DNA is often described as a coiled ladder. In this description, what two parts of a
DNA nucleotide form the uprights? What part forms the rungs? - answerThe uprights
are the sugar phosphate backbone, and the rungs are the bases.
Explain the 2 differences btw hydrolysis and dehydration condensation. -
answerDuring dehydration condensation biomacromolecules are synthesized by
joining building block monomers. A water molecule is lost and energy is used.
Biomacromolecules are broken down into monomers during hydrolysis when a water
molecule is added and energy is released.
Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid.
Then explain the use of each.
GLUCOSE - answerCarbohydrate; used as fuel, is referred to as blood sugar in
humans and animals
Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid.
Then explain the use of each.
Starch - answerCarbohydrate; the form in which plants store glucose
Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid.
Then explain the use of each.
Cellulose - answerCarbohydrate; woody tissue in plants and trees, indigestible fiber
Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid.
Then explain the use of each.
Triglyceride - answerLipid; the major form of fuel storage that when broken down
produces twice as much energy per gram than carbohydrates
,Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid.
Then explain the use of each.
Phopholipid - answerLipid; the major constituent of cell membranes
Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid.
Then explain the use of each.
Hemoglobin - answerProtein; carries oxygen in the blood
Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid.
Then explain the use of each.
DNA - answerNucleic Acid; contains genetic material of cells
Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid.
Then explain the use of each.
RNA - answerNucleic Acid; part of the protein-synthesizing operation of the cell
Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid.
Then explain the use of each.
Cholesterol - answerLipid; component of animal cell membranes that, when in
excess, can form plaque on artery walls
Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid.
Then explain the use of each.
ATP - answerNucleic Acid; releases energy through the breaking of high-energy
phosphate bond
Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid.
Then explain the use of each.
Glycogen - answerCarbohydrate; the form in which animals and humans store
glucose
Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid.
Then explain the use of each.
Insulin - answerProtein; a hormone
Why are proteins so often used to build structures? - answerBecause they are
"structurally sophisticated". They are strong, yet flexible and incredibly diverse.
Explain the following terms in regard to proteins:
a. Primary structure:
b. Secondary structure:
c. Tertiary structure:
,d. Quaternary structure: - answera. Amino acid monomers in a linear chain
b. 2 repeating patterns are possible; a spring like coil of fibrous proteins within the
linear chain forms (alpha-helix) and/or in the linear chain the pattern snakes back
and forth; strong and flexible but not elastic. Both conformations held together with
hydrogen bonds. It's possible that one chain can have both patterns
c. Folding of the secondary structure; 3D shape determined by R-group interactions
and hydrogen bonds
d. Interactions between two or more polypeptide chains. Each chain has its own
primary, secondary, and tertiary structure. **need 2 or more polypeptide chains for
this structure**
The bases present in nucleic acids contain what element besides C and H and O? -
answerNitrogen
What is the property that makes a molecule a lipid? - answerbeing insoluble in water
due to the presence of the long chain of hydrocarbons
What is the main reason for the polarity of most biomacromolecules? - answerMost
biomacromolecules are polar due to the strongly electronegative oxygen (or
nitrogen) in the functional group
Name the building-block molecule(s) for each of the following biomacromolecules:
Proteins - answerAmino Acids
Name the building-block molecule(s) for each of the following biomacromolecules:
Lipids - answerfatty acids and glycerol
Name the building-block molecule(s) for each of the following biomacromolecules:
Nucleic Acid - answernucleotides
Name the building-block molecule(s) for each of the following biomacromolecules:
polysaccharides - answermonosaccharides
a. Carbohydrates contain what three elements?
b. What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in a carbohydrate? c. What is the
difference between a carbohydrate and a hydrocarbon? - answera. CHO
b. 2:1
c. A hydrocarbon has only H and C and carbs have HCO. Hydrocarbons are not
functional groups.
What are the 3 types of cholesterol? - answerHDL (good; takes potentially
dangerous build up to liver), LDL ("bad"; potential to clog vessels), VLDL (also "bad";
clogs and carries triglycerides)
, Explain the 3 differences b/t prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. - answer1. Prokaryotic
cells are typically smaller than eukaryotic cells. Most are between 1-10 micrometers
in size (about 1/30,000 of an inch)
2. The DNA of a prokaryotic cell is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane (prokaryotic
means "before the nucleus"), whereas Eukaryotic cells possess a nucleus 3.
Prokarytic cells do not contain many of the internal membrane-bounded organelles
of eukaryotic cells
What are the components of the cell membrane? - answerPhospholipid bi-layer with
proteins and phospholipids embedded within it. Cholesterol is usually present as
well.
What kind of proteins can be found within the phospholipid bi-layer? -
answerIntegral, Peripheral, and glycoproteins.
What is the term used to describe the type of molecules that can pass through the
cell membrane? What are the types of "passive" transport and "active" transport? -
answerThe membrane is selectively permeable. No energy (ATP) is required for
passive and simple diffusion, osmosis, filtration, and facilitated diffusion. Active
requires energy (ATP) and other types are secondary active, cotransport, and
counter-transport.
Tell how each of the following would typically enter a cell. Choose from simple
diffusion, facilitated diffusion, pinocytosis or phagocytosis.
Gases - answerSimple Diffusion
Tell how each of the following would typically enter a cell. Choose from simple
diffusion, facilitated diffusion, pinocytosis or phagocytosis.
Water - answerSimple diffusion (Osmosis)
Tell how each of the following would typically enter a cell. Choose from simple
diffusion, facilitated diffusion, pinocytosis or phagocytosis.
large objects such as other cells - answerPhagocytosis
Tell how each of the following would typically enter a cell. Choose from simple
diffusion, facilitated diffusion, pinocytosis or phagocytosis.
droplets of liquid - answerPinocytosis
Tell how each of the following would typically enter a cell. Choose from simple
diffusion, facilitated diffusion, pinocytosis or phagocytosis.
lipid insoluble/polar substances - answerFacilitated diffusion
Explain the function of each of the following in the cell:
Nucleus - answercontains DNA and serves as the control center of the cell
