Dependent vs Independent Variables IV-factor which is intentionally manipulated or
varied in an experiment to observe effect on DV
DV-outcome or response variable, assess impact of
IV, represents ‘effect’
Confound Something that systematically differs between
conditions of an experiment, not planned
Independent variable, acts as an alternative
explanation of the results
Extraneous Variable Something that randomly differs between conditions
of an experiment and so is not actively controlled
and left to randomisation
Alternative Explanation Some plausible alternative mechanism that is
justified in the literature and may be driving the
effect - inviting a follow up study to clarify
Control Condition An additional condition added to make meaningful
comparisons between the thing that is manipulated
and some relevant baseline measure
Operationalisation The process of taking a concept and turning it into
something that can be measured/manipulated
experimentally. Defining how variables will be
observed, manipulated or assessed in the study,
making them suitable for empirical investigation
Attention/Manipulation Checks Give us confidence that IV did get manipulated,
important if you want to say anything about the
cause and effect relationship between IV and DV.
Ensures participants are engaged and attentive.
Assess quality of the experimental procedure
Broad Research Question Fundamental inquiry, sets stage for a research study.
Appears in intro+provides aim+focus for research
Specific Research Question Focused inquiry that emerges from a literature
review, address aspect/gap/need replication in the
existing literature+guides research to an objective
Predictive Hypothesis Statement Testable proposition that makes a clear and
falsifiable prediction related to the specific research
question. Describes how variables will be measured
or manipulated experimentally and provides precise
direction
Manipulation vs correlation designs Deliberately altering the IV(s) under controlled
conditions to examine effects on DV and allows for
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