This is a document that goes through all the different rulers of Russia from Alexander the second to Khrushchev outlining statistics and basic policies of the rules as preparation for the exam
Alexander II's Reign (1855-1881) - Statistical Overview
1. Economic Indicators
• Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Growth Rate:
o Average annual GDP growth rate: 4.2%
o Highest GDP growth rate: 6.8% (1863)
o Lowest GDP growth rate: 2.5% (1879)
• Industrialization:
o Growth of heavy industries such as steel, coal, and railways.
o Steel production: Increased by 800% from 1855 to 1881.
o Coal production: Increased by 450% from 1855 to 1881.
• Agricultural Reforms:
o Emancipation of the serfs in 1861 led to changes in agricultural production.
o Land redistribution: Approximately 22 million peasants received land, but
often in small and fragmented plots.
• Foreign Trade:
o Expansion of foreign trade, particularly with Western Europe.
o Increase in exports of grain, raw materials, and textiles.
2. Social Indicators
• Population Growth:
o Average annual population growth rate: 0.9%
o Urbanization rate: Increased from approximately 9% to 16% of the total
population.
• Education and Literacy:
o Expansion of primary and secondary education, with a focus on technical and
vocational training.
o Literacy rate: Increased from around 20% to 40% of the population.
• Healthcare:
o Development of rudimentary public health measures, including sanitation and
hospital construction.
o Life expectancy: Increased slightly from around 30 to 35 years.
• Housing:
o Limited improvements in urban housing conditions, particularly for the middle
and upper classes.
o Slum areas persisted in cities, with overcrowded and unsanitary living
conditions.
3. Political and Legal Reforms
• Emancipation of the Serfs (1861):
o Number of serfs emancipated: Approximately 23 million.
o Redistribution of land: Peasants received land but often faced heavy
redemption payments and remained tied to the mir (communal land system).
• Judicial Reforms (1864):
o Introduction of trial by jury for some criminal cases.
o Establishment of elected local councils (zemstvos) to administer rural areas.
• Military Service Reforms (1874):
, o Reduction of mandatory military service from 25 to 15 years.
o Introduction of universal military conscription for all social classes.
4. Cultural and Social Changes
• Cultural Revival:
o Emergence of new literary and artistic movements, such as realism and critical
social commentary.
o Expansion of press freedom and publication of newspapers and journals.
• Social Mobility:
o Limited upward mobility for some peasants and urban workers, particularly
through education and military service.
o Continued social stratification and inequality, with nobility retaining
significant privileges
Nicholas II's Reign (1894-1917) - Statistical Overview
1. Economic Indicators
• Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Growth Rate:
o Average annual GDP growth rate: 4.6%
o Highest GDP growth rate: 7.1% (1890s)
o Lowest GDP growth rate: 2.3% (1910s)
• Industrialization:
o Industrial output growth rate: 8.3% per year
o Expansion of heavy industries: Growth of steel production by over 400% and
coal production by over 200%.
o Growth of banking and finance: Establishment of modern banking institutions
and investment in industrial enterprises.
• Agricultural Sector:
o Agricultural output: Varied, with fluctuations due to factors such as land
tenure systems, rural unrest, and agricultural modernization efforts.
2. Social Indicators
• Population Growth:
o Average annual population growth rate: 1.2%
o Urbanization rate: Increased from 16% to 20% of the total population.
• Education and Literacy:
o Literacy rate: Expanded further, with improvements in access to primary and
secondary education.
o Expansion of technical and vocational education: Increased focus on training
skilled workers for industrialization.
• Healthcare:
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