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Summary Option A - Freshwater Notes NEW SPEC £4.49
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  7. Unit 1 - Freshwater

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Summary Option A - Freshwater Notes NEW SPEC
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These IB HL Geography Notes cover all aspects of the syllabus for the Unit 1 topic Freshwater. They are typed, organised, include diagrams and graphs, and are for the new specification, first examinations in 2019.

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  • May 15, 2019
  • 29
  • 2018/2019
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Freshwater

The drainage basin as an open system with inputs (precipitation of varying type and
intensity), outputs (evaporation and transpiration), flows (infiltration, throughflow,
overland flow and base flow) and stores (including vegetation, soil, aquifers and the
cryosphere)

Drainage basin:
 An area within which water supplied by precipitation is transferred to the ocean,
lake or larger stream
 Includes all of the area that is drained by a river and its tributaries
 Divided by watersheds, imaginary lines separating adjacent basins
 Some rivers drain into the sea but others drain into an inland depression - these
drainage basins are endorheic or closed (e.g. Okovango)
 Open system as it allows movement of energy and matter across its boundaries
 Hydrological cycle: cycle of water between the biosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere
and hydrosphere

Inputs:
 Precipitation: includes all forms of rainfall, snow, frost, hail and dew
 Conversion and transfer of moisture in the atmosphere to the land
 Main characteristics of precipitation affecting hydrology:
o Total amount of precipitation
o Intensity
o Type (snow, rain etc.)
o Geographic distribution
o Variability
 Other inputs: irrigation water, water transfer schemes, desalinated water

Outputs:
Evaporation:
 Process by which a liquid or solid is changed into a gas
 Most important from oceans and seas
 Increases under warm, dry conditions and decreases under cold, calm conditions
 Factors affecting evaporation:
o Temperature
o Humidity
o Wind speed
o Amount of water available
o Vegetation cover
o Colour of the surface/albedo
Evapotranspiration (EVT):
 Combined effect of evaporation and transpiration (water vapour escaping from living
plants)
 Most important aspect of water loss, nearly 100% of annual precipitation in arid
areas and 75% in humid areas

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