Khrushchev - Khrushchev - Alexander II - Industry
- Khrushchev introduced the Virgin Lands Scheme, which
Industry - Khrushchev was a hard line communist, however wished to correct
some of Stalin’s errors through de-Stalinisation.
Agriculture
saw areas not yet farmed be farmed. It succeeded in - Alexander II was keen to reform Russia following the
Crimean War. 500,000 soldiers had died of poor health
- The emancipation of the serfs would in theory
groundwork for future reforms, however didn’t
increasing grain production and alleviating food shortages - Peasants were actually worse off, having 20% l
- Part of de-Stalinisation involved some decentralising the economy. He
in the short term. It contributed to over 50% of the total during the war, partially due to their serf status. They interest over a 49 year period. This was done to
faced pressures to put Russia on the same level of the USA during the
Cold War.
harvest in 1956 and by 1965, an extra 36 million hectares also lacked strong machinery and weaponry.
were cultivated. - Mikhail Reutern was the economic minister during his
- Khrushchev continued Stalin’s command economy through his own
- Amount of acreage given over to wheat production rose
five year plans. In 1959, he released a Seven Year Plan, seeing heavy rule. The Reutern Reforms (1862-1878) would lay the
from 96 million in 1950 to 165 million in 1964. However, a
emphasis on power stations and consumer goods. Targets were set low groundwork for many future reforms. They encouraged
lack of attention to crop rotation and soil erosion meant a
and did not regard the actual needs of industry. Productivity was very foreign investment and expertise. - In terms of agriculture living conditions, they overall remained
fall in soil fertility and a levelling off in gains in productivity.
low and quality was poor. bleak.
- Food prices were raised to increase production. Peasants - The construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway was
- Alexander did try to incorporate peasants stronger in an attempt
could sell and produce from private plots easily. heavily developed as rail lines grew by 20,000 km. to get Russia in the same position as other European countries.
Alexander promoted railway construction during the - In 1864, he introduced the zemstvos to represent rural peasants
- Khrushchev ordered the Great Spurt. at a lower level. However, nobility found its way in.
construction of agro-towns,
- Coal (in millions of tonnes) went from 391 in focused on agricultural
1955, to 578 in 1965. Electricity (in billion kWh) production, however were of
went from 170 in 1955 to 507 in 1965. a poor standard.
- Much was channelled into the space and arms - Pensions and benefits - Alexander III wished to undo
- Stalin neglected agriculture in favour of industry, however still had a huge race, taking funding away from many of increased for peasants. reforms. Bunge, Vyshnegradsk
impact upon it. Khrushchev’s policies. Standard of living improved. finance.
- Vesenkha introduced collectivisation in 1929. Smaller farms were brought - However, much of this - The growth rate increased aft
together to form larger communal farm units, to increase food production to wasn’t significant. A peasant industrialisation, rising to 8% p
achieve the needs of a growing industrial proletariat. Peasants were moved to in 1964 would feel about the Russia became the world’s 4th
Kolkhozes or Solkozes. By 1941, it was claimed 98% of peasants lived in same as a peasant in 1855. investment, there was an incr
collectivised farms. - There was great success in b
- Living and working conditions worsened overall. Peasants didn’t always get Mendeleev Tariff, there was th
the food that they farmed. Huge food shortages and collectivisation problems - Alexander III essentially crea
eventually began the 1932-1934 famine. Between 6 and 9 million died. protect the territorial integrity
- There was change in peasant housing, overcrowding was large and kulaks materials from Siberia and all
were targeted by the state. government.
- Collectivisation was actually scaled back by Stalin after its disastrous results.
Stalin - Agriculture
Economy for Alexander III - Industry
- 1882 saw children under 12 b
introduction of the factory ins
Wages were low and safety of
each leader
Stalin - Alexander III - - Political representation in the ze
Industry
- Stalin, in 1931, foresaw that if Russia were to be attacked, they would be destroyed as they were so behind in industry.
Therefore, he hyper focused on development during his reign .
(except PG) Agriculture
introduction of land captains in 1
and over the zemstvos. They also
- From 1932, the Five Year Plans began to get Russia up to speed with their rivals. Stalin demanded all workers operated to a - In 1883, the peasant land bank w
10-12 hour working day. As a result of the first plan’s success, these were shorted to 7 hours in 1939, however in 1941 with cheap loans for which to buy
increased to help with the war effort.
- The plans marked centralised planning to aim for autarky. The first plan focused on heavy industries (coal, iron, steel and could create more for themselves
electricity). The targets were set unimaginably high, but remarkable results were achieved. - In 1891-92, there was a famine.
- The second plan gave heavy industry top priority and helped develop railways and chemical production. Annual growth surplus resulted in food shortage
grew to 5-6% higher than westerners and industry reached a massive scale, with huge blast furnaces having been - The NEP saw an end to grain
constructed in cities such as Magnitogorsk. Production of tanks and planes exceeded figures achieved in 1941. requisitioning and introduced a hitting 17 out of 39 provinces. It w
free market where peasants cholera.
could sell extra surplus. - As usual, agriculture was neglec
- Nicholas II, a strongly autocratic leader like his father,
wished to continue industrialisation.
- Russia’s first Soviet ruler would create huge
- In 1897, the rouble was placed on the gold standard,
industrial change.
resulting in heavy foreign investment. This lead to a
- In 1917, Lenin introduced State Capitalism,
7.5% annual growth in industrial production.
creating a command economy before the - Nicholas II saw the introduction of Stolypin’s Wager on
dictatorship of the state. This was reinforced in the Strong, or the Stolypin Reforms.
industry by the Decree on Workers’ Control - All state and crown lands were made available to the
(November 1918) and the formation of the peasant land bank. They were allowed to withdraw
Supreme Economic Council in December 1917, from the Mir and there was a declaration of the end of
- Lenin introduced the Decree on Land in November 1917, seeing which controlled production, distribution and the redistribution of land as the population grew.
policies of war communism applied to agriculture. Grain requisitioning exchange. Almost 2 million left Mir by WW1.
began to feed the soldiers of the war. - Lenin’s war communism policies saw the - A new ‘kulak’ class was created, wealthier peasants.
- The peasants were not a fan of these new policies and staged revolts nationalisation of large enterprise and a state - Stolypin wished to modernise agriculture and increase - Great Spurt saw coal production double, iron a
and protests, however were shut down by the Cheka. Kulaks were monopoly on goods and services. food production. Ex-serfs could buy themselves out of extended again, nearly doubling in 10 years by 1
targeted. - The economy saw a complete change with the the peasant commune and create small profit making annually by 120%, income earned from industry
- In 1921, there was famine. Poor winters, large droughts and introduction of the NEP in 1921. It was made to farms, helped by the land bank. - Between 1905 and 1913, savings account num
destruction of transport infrastructure led to the famine. Over 5 million heal the economy following the civil war, seeing - However, conditions were still appalling. Many still debt dropped by 1 million roubles. Between 190
died. Lenin was slow to respond to the crisis and would not accept a soft return to capitalism. It reintroduced a free stayed in the Mir. Only 20% of peasants bought into the surpassing any other western country.
international aid. market and legalised small businesses. new ideas. - However, after WW1 began, inflation, food sho
Lenin - Lenin - Industry Nicholas II -
over 4 million men died in first year.
Ni
Agriculture Agriculture
