WKU Nursing Med Surg Exam 2024| Questions with 100% Correct Answers (A Rated)
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WKU Nursing
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WKU Nursing
What are substances that release hydrogen ions, when dissolved in water or body fluids,
increasing the amount of free hydrogen ions in that solution? - ANSWER Acid
How is the strength of an acid measured? - ANSWER By how easily it releases a hydrogen ion in
solution
What binds free hydrogen ion...
WKU Nursing Med Surg Exam 2 024| Questions with 100% Correct Answers (A Rated ) What are substances that release hydrogen ions, when dissolved in water or body fluids, increasing the amount of free hydrogen ions in that solution? - ANSWER Acid How is the strength of an acid measured? - ANSWER By how easily it releases a hydrogen ion in solution What binds free hydrogen ions in solution and lowers the amount of free hydrogen ions in solution? - ANSWER Base What react either as an acid or as a base and ar e critical in keeping body fluid pH at normal levels? - ANSWER Buffers What is the most common base in the human body? - ANSWER Bicarbonate What is the most common acid in the human body? - ANSWER Carbonic acid In heath the body keeps these substances a t a constant ratio of what? - ANSWER 1 molecule of carbonic acid to 20 free bicarbonate ions Hydrogen ion levels and carbon dioxide levels are ______ related? - ANSWER Directly What happens to pH when excess carbon dioxide is produced, causing an increas e in hydrogen ions? - ANSWER pH decreases What organ of the body controls bicarbonate levels? - ANSWER The kidneys What organ of the body controls CO2 levels? - ANSWER The lungs pH is the result of...? - ANSWER How well the kidneys are functioning to retain or eliminate bicarbonate divided by how well the lungs are functioning to eliminate carbon dioxide What forms lactic acid? - ANSWER incomplete breakdown of glucose, which occu rs whenever cells metabolize under anaerobic conditions When do anaerobic conditions occur? - ANSWER With hypoxia, sepsis, and shock What is the main buffer in the extracellular fluid? - ANSWER Bicarbonate What is the first line of defense against chang es in free hydrogen ion levels? - ANSWER Buffers What is the most common type of buffer? - ANSWER Protein buffers What are the extracellular protein buffers? - ANSWER Albumin and globulins What is a major intracellular protein buffer? - ANSWER Hemoglobi n What is the second line of defense against changes in pH? - ANSWER The respiratory system What does breathing do? - ANSWER Rids the body of any CO2 Respiratory regulation of Acid -Base balance is under the control of what? - ANSWER Central nervous syst em What is hyperventilation? - ANSWER Increase in rate and depth of breathing What is hypoventilation? - ANSWER Decrease in rate and depth of breathing What happens with hyperventilation? - ANSWER CO2 is exhaled from the lungs and the CO2 level in the ECF decreases. When the arterial CO2 level returns back down to normal, the rate and depth of breathing returns to levels that are normal What happens with hypoventilation? - ANSWER Less CO2 is lost through lungs, and more CO2 is retained in arterial blood The respiratory system's response in Acid -Base balance is...? - ANSWER Rapid What is the third line of defense against wide changes in body fluid pH? - ANSWER The kidneys The kidneys response in Acid -Base balance is...? - ANSWER Slow What is the first kidney pH control action? - ANSWER Kidney movement of bicarbonate What is the normal pH range? - ANSWER 7.35 -7.45 What are the two most common chemical buffers? - ANSWER Bicarbonate (ICF) Phosphate (ECF) What are the most common protein buffers? - ANSWER Albumin Globulins Hemoglobin What origin, metabolic or respiratory do the lungs compensate for in acid -base imbalances? - ANSWER Metabolic What is the normal paCO2 levels? - ANSWER 25 -45 mmHg What is the normal HCO3 levels? - ANSWER 22 -26 mEq/L What are causes of acidosis? - ANSWER DKA Shock Sepsis Renal failure Diarrhea Salicylates (aspirin) What are causes of alkalosis? - ANSWER CI depletion (vomiting, prolonged nasogastric suctioning) Cushing's syndrome K+ deficiency Massive blood transfusions Ingestion of antacids What are symptoms of metabolic acidosis? - ANSWER Headache Decreased BP Hyperkalemia Muscle twitching Warm, flushed skin Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea Changes in LOC (confusion, increased drowsiness)
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