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  7. A2 Unit F215 - Control, Genomes and Environment

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a level biology biotechnology and cloning summary
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summary notes on cloning and biotechnology topic in module 6, including natural and artificial plant and animal cloning, embryo splitting, twinning, tissue culture, micropropagation, batch and continuous fermentation, standard growth curve for bacteria population, aseptic techniques, direct and ind...

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  • May 27, 2024
  • 18
  • 2023/2024
  • Summary

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Cloning and biotechnology
Natural cloning

Vegetative propagation
- Flowering plants
- From stem. Leaf, bud, root (vegetative organs of the plant which are not used in
sexual reproduction)

In horticulture:

- Increase numbers of plants cheaply
- All plants have same genetic characteristics from the parent plant = all will be
good quality

, 2




Plant cuttings

, 3

Artificial cloning
Tissue culture

Micropropagation: increase numbers of genetically identical offsprings from a single
parent plant

When the desirable plant:

- Has no seeds
- Does not respond to natural cloning
- Rare
- Genetic engineering/Selective breeding is difficult
- Pathogen-free
i. Small sample of meristem tissue from shoot tips (totipotent) =
virus-free
ii. Is sterilised in bleach/ethanol = explant
iii. Explant in sterile culture growth with hormones = mitosis
iv. Cells divide = callus (mass of undifferentiated cells)
v. Callus divided up = clumps transferred to its own culture medium =
genetically identical plantlets = potted into compost and planted
out to grow




For

● Rapid production with known genetic make-up = good crops
● Disease-free products
● Seedless and sterile for consumer tastes
● Can grow plants which grow naturally infertile or difficult to breed from seed
● Can grow rare plants

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