Summary for the IB Diploma Book: Causes and Effects of 20th Century Wars - History
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History for the IB Diploma Paper 2 Causes and Effects of 20th Century Wars
50-page summary with precise information on the key points of the book "Causes and Effects of 20th Century Wars" to develop the World History SL/HL Paper 2 in the International Baccalaureate diploma program.
20th Century War - World War I Notes and Exam Preparation Packet International Baccalaureate
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1
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF 20TH CENTURY WARS
SUMMARY
01: OVERVIEW
Different types of war
Type Definition
Interstate Conflict between two or more states; national forces fight.
Total Country uses all its resources to completely defeat the enemy.
mobilization Includes: using conscription, using civilians, all weapons, controlling
economy and media.
Limited Limited use of a country’s resources. Includes: defining limited areas
mobilization for fighting, limiting weapons, targets and mobilization.
Civil war Conflict between two regions of the same country. Insurgents take care
of political institutions and often get foreign help.
Guerrilla Small groups of fighters which try to defeat a larger army and system
warfare of their own country.
02: CROSS-REGIONAL WAR: WWI-CAUSES
● Began in 1914 and ended in 1918
● 60 declarations of war made
The Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
● Two largest Germanic states: Austria and Prussia
● Prussians under Otto von Bismarck leadership defeated Denmark(1864),
Austria(1866) and France(1871).
● Huge humiliation for France: Prussia crippled Paris into an economic blockade.
● France lost Alsace-Lorraine, had to pay 5000 million, Prussian occupation,
German unification completed.
● France is going through crisis and wanting revenge.
● Germany became a new power and France lost its position in Europe.
● Modern warfare had to rely on technology (railways) and fast deployment.
What were the key characteristics of the Great European Powers
c.1900?
Germany
● Authoritarian monarchy: power held by Kaiser and Chancellor.
● Strongest industrial power in Europe.
● Social problems: conflict between classes.
● Junkers (landowning classes) against liberal democracy
● Germany wanted to pursue expansionism and imperialism
● Territories have already been divided. Germany didn’t know whether to ally
with Britain.
, 2
France
● Democratic republic and offered liberties.
● Wealthy nation, based on agriculture
● Politically divided between right (imperialist ambitions, Alsace Lorraine) and
left (against right).
Britain
● Parliamentary democracy, limited monarchy
● Decline as primary economic power.
● Socio-economic problems like Germany but they were able to cope better.
● Britain stopped isolation and began to look for allies as there was competitions
of power (USA and Germany)
● Britain’s power lied on their navy
● Interests were conserving power and protecting their trade overseas.
Austria-Hungary
● Dual monarchy, bureaucratic and inefficient system
● National rivalries were key problem
● Lack of military strength made them afraid of the Ottoman Empire
● Policy of containment in the Balkans
● Greatest concern was hostility of Serbia
Russia
● Autocratic divine monarchy
● Most people remained peasant despite of industrialization
● 1905 revolution because workers were discontent. Limited democracy
introduced.
● Military power only lied on people (disadvantage too as they were not happy)
● Wanted to influence the Balkans through Slavs and prevent expansion of
Austro-Hungary.
Turkey
● Sick man, ottoman empire in decline, regime corrupt and ineffective.
● Foreign debt and political discontent
● Division and resentment from Muslims.
● Sultan was overthrown in 1909 by “Young Turks” who wanted to modernize
Turkey.
The Eastern question
● What to do with the Ottoman Empire.
● Most European powers agreed to persuade Turkey to modernize to avoid conflict
over the power vacuum it would have left if it declined
● Russians wanted to promote self-government in the Balkans but Austro-Hungary
opposed.
, 3
Long-term causes of World War One
● Germany appearing as new power brought some nervousness among Europe
● However, Germany pursued a foreign policy based on alliances
● Wanted to isolate France and stay allied with Russia to prevent a two-front war
Bismarck’s web of alliances
Alliance Countries involved
Dreikaiserbund or Germany, Russia and Austro-Hungary. To keep France isolated.
3 Emperor’s
League (1873)
Dual Alliance After Dreikaiserbund collapsed because of conflict between
(1879) Russia and A.H over The Balkans, Germany made separate
treaty with A.H. Limit possibility of war in Europe.
The Three Revised version of Dreikaiserbund. If any of the powers got
Emperors’ Alliance into conflict with other European power, the others would
(1881) remain neutral. Tried to solve conflicts between Russia and A.H
too.
The Triple Alliance Between Germany, A.H and Italy. If attacked the others would
(1882) help
The Reinsurance Between Germany and Russia to prevent two war front.
Treaty (1887) (Dreikaiserbund had ended)
The New Course and Weltpolitik
● 1888 Whilelm II rules and Bismarck was replaced by Leo von Caprivi
● System of alliances eliminated.
● France free of isolation and there was risk of war on two fronts.
● Weltpolitik: policy which looked forward to making Germany a colonial power
with an overseas empire and navy; also eliminating social problems.
Imperialism
● Colonial rivalry was a cause of great tension between European powers.
● At first it was for economic reasons but later, it was a matter of position and
power based on Social Darwinism and nationalism.
● Germany wanted to influence the rest of the world which got them into conflict
with Britain as during the Jameson Raid of December (1895) they offended the
English by sending a response congratulating the Africans for their success over
them.
The emergence of the alliance system
● Kaiser believed that Germany should mount a naval challenge to Britain.
● Britain knew it was time to seek alliances as Germany was threatening them,
they had had conflict with France and Russia was their enemy over China.
● 1902: alliance with Japan to bring navy and entente with France.
● 1907: alliance with Russia (Britain accepted Russian control over Asian
territories
, 4
● Triple Entente: Russia, France and Britain. Germany encircled.
● Triple entente vs Triple Alliance (Germany, A.H and Italy)
The Naval Race
● Naval arms race had begun.
● 1906: Britain launched Dreadnought. (disadvantage as it meant that anyone
could build a similar ship now, so they ordered building 8 battleships)
● There was a lot of tension and Germany was now seen as the enemy.
The situation in the Balkans (desired by Turkey, Russia and AH)
Country Interest
Turkey Had once ruled over all of them but Serbs, Greeks and Bulgars had got
involved.
AH Slavs wanted independence and looked to Serbia for support. Serbia was
a threat.
Russia They sympathized with Slavs. Economic interests (routes from the
Mediterranean to the Black Sea).
Growing situation in the Balkans after 1900
● Strong Serbian influence led to a tariff war between 1905-1906
● Serbia asked France for help
● Tension grew when Austria adopted an aggressive foreign policy.
Short-term causes: the crisis years (1905-1913)
These crises increased tensions between the two alliance blocs in Europe and over the
Balkans.
The Moroccan Crisis (1905)
● Germany was willing to expose the weakness of the friendship between France
and Britain, so it attacked France in Morocco.
● Britain had supported French takeover of Morocco in exchange of recognition
over Egypt
● Surprisingly Britain decided to back up French in a conference for Moroccan
independence and they succeeded over Germany.
● Results were a disaster for Germany:
⮚ Failure for Weltpolitik and for German pride
⮚ Germany had strengthened Anglo-French relationships.
⮚ Germany was seen as a key threat and peace had been broken.
The Bosnian Crisis (1908)
● 1907 Anglo-Russian Entente confirmed that Germany was being encircled.
● Germany got closer to AH
● Due to conflict in the Ottoman Empire, AH decided to annex Bosnia and
Herzegovina
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