nigrostriatal pathway
from substantia nigra (brainstem) to striatum (muscles): Parkinson's
mesolimbic pathway
projects to nucleus accumbens (part of limbic system). Pleasure, reward, positive symptoms of
schizophrenia: Addiction, gambling
Tuberoinfundibular pathway
regulation of prolactin (acts on pituitary). Hypersexuality in mania
Dopamine
produced in substania nigra and VTA. D2 & D4 receptors most important. Elevated in the mesolimbic
pathway associated with pleasure and psychosis. Antispychotics block dopamine. travels through
mesocoritcal, mesolimbic, nigrostriatal, and tuberinfundibular pathways
Serotonin
5-HT. produced in raphe nucleus. emotion, impulses, dreams. 5HT2A receptors = atypical
antipsychotics.
Norepinephrine
produced in locus coeruleus. arousal and vigilance
GABA
inhibitory. produces calm in conjunction with benzodiazepines.
ACTH
motor control, learning, memory, sleep, and dreams. Helps with balance. Decrease in Alzheimer's
disease
hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA)
CRH, ACTH, then cortisol. Worsens with stress and depression
hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT)
TRH, TSH, T4. Hypothyroid causes depression, weight gain, slow metabolism. Hyperthyroid is
opposite.
hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG)
GnRH, FSH, LH. Malfunctions cause infertility problems.
Wernicke's area
temporal and parietal lobes; speech
amygdala
fear response.
hippocampus
memory. Make up limbic system with amydgala
HIPAA
1. education about privacy protection, 2. access to own medical records, 3. request amendment to
health information to which they object, 4. require permission for disclosure of medical issues
forensic nursing
based on crime committed and investigational aspects
correctional nursing
offender's current mental health and medical condition
research utilization process
critique, synthesize, apply, measure
internal validity
when the independent variable (treatment) caused a change in the dependent variable (outcome)
external validity
when the sample is representative of the population and the results can be generalized
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