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Summary Psychology- Behavioural Approaches to Explaining Phobias
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These are my online notes about "Behavioural Approaches to Explaining Phobias" based on A Level AQA Psychology's "Psychopathology" topic.

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  • May 29, 2024
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  • 2023/2024
  • Summary

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Behavioural Approach: Explaining Phobias (AO1)

Phobias are seen as a learnt behaviour, either through classical conditioning and
operant conditioning

Mower (1947) suggested this is a 2 process theory as it involves learning through
- Classical conditioning (learn the phobia)
- Operant conditioning (maintaining it)

Classical conditioning
- Behaviour is learned through association
- When two or more things happen at the same time our brain associates them
together
- Phobias occur when a neutral stimulus is conditioned

Watson and Rayner → Little Albert Study (1920)
- Initially Little Albert showed no response to the rat (neutral stimulus)
- Researchers then struck a metal bar with a hammer to create a loud noise every time
he went to reach for the rat
- Similar white fluffy objects including Santa’s beard

Loud noise = unconditioned stimulus, albert being scared = unconditioned response

Rat + loud noise = Repeated → Conditioned stimulus

Rat then becomes a conditioned response, and albert becomes scared of all white fluffy
animals

Operant conditioning
- The learn phobia is maintained by operant conditioning because fear is reduced
when we avoid the object and so we are being reinforced through negative
reinforcement.
- Once Albert avoided rats, his fear was reduced which meant he was being reinforced
to avoid them again.

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