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Btec applied science UNIT 12A
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Btec applied science Unit 12 assignment A. Recieved a DISTINCTION for this assignment. Can be used to guide you write your assignment
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Infectious and Non-infectious diseasesPathogens are microorganisms that cause diseases in the body. Pathogens thrive and
survive as a host. Once the pathogen is a host in the body, it avoids the body’s immune
responses and replicates so the pathogen host can spread around the body making the
human sicker. Pathogens can be spread through many way such as skin contact, bodily
fluids, airborne particles, contact with faeces, and touching a surface touched by an infected
person. It is very important to make sure that you clean surfaces, wash your hands, use
hand sanitiser and when coughing cover your mouth so pathogens don’t spread to other
people. There are five different types of pathogens which are bacteria, viruses, parasites,
fungus, and protozoa. Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and organelle bound by plasma
membrane. Examples of eukaryotic cells are protists, fungi, plants, and animals. Prokaryotic
cells are unicellular organisms which does not have a membrane bound nucleus or
organelle. Examples is prokaryotic cells are bacteria and archaea, and cyanobacteria.
Bacteria is a unicellular micro-organisms. It contains cytoplasm, ribosomes, and plasma
membrane like the eukaryotic cell. Bacteria can reproduce quickly inside the body. It
produces toxins which damage the cell and tissue in the body, and it also makes you feel
sick. Bacteria can be identified by a gram staining test, if the substance is purple or pink it is
a bacteria. Another way to identify a bacteria is looking at the shape. There are different
types of bacteria shapes some of them are Bacillus, coccus, filamentous and spirochaetes.
Bacteria has 4 stages in its life cycle which are lag phase, log phase, stationary phase, and
death phase. In the lag phase the bacteria does not grow, but they adjust to the
surrounding/environment and begin to make copies of their DNA. In the log phase the
bacteria duplicates quickly, and the DNA copies move into different direction of the
membrane. In the stationary phase the bacteria growth become less due to the lack of
space. The final stage which is the death phase is when the bacteria is unable to reproduce,
and it dies. There are different types of bacteria diseases which is tuberculosis, pneumonia,
and cholera. TB is a gram-positive bacillus shaped bacteria. White blood cells ingest the TB
bacteria’s, once it is ingested it stops the white blood cells from breaking it down so it can
infect it. It can be treated by taking antibiotics. Antibiotics is used to treat bacterial diseases.
Antibiotics block vital processes in the bacteria, killing them or stopping the bacteria from
multiplying.
A Virus is a genetic code with a coating of protein. Viruses are non-living and are the
smallest pathogens, it can only be seen by a specialised microscope. When the virus enters
the body, it replicates inside the living cells and infects it in order to survive. Viruses contain
a nucleic acid core which is DNA or RNA. Virus can be detected by transmission electron
microscopy, which is a microscope that uses particle beam of electrons to see viruses. The
life cycle of a virus has 5 stages which are attachment, penetration, uncoating, assembly,
and release. In the attachment stage, the virus gets attached to the host cell. In penetration
stage the virus injects their nucleic acid into the host cells. The third stage which is the
uncoating stage is when the virus particles start to move into the site of replication. The
fourth one is the assembly stage which is when the viruses are produced from other viral
components. The final stage is the release stage which is when the virus lyse its host cells
and is released into the surroundings/environment. Some viruses have spikes around the
protective envelope so they can attach to the host cells easier. There are 3 types of viruses,
they are filamentous, isometric, enveloped, and head and tail. Filamentous viruses have long
cylinder shape, Filamentous are the main viruses in the plant an example is the tobacco.
The isometric viruses are spheric shaped virus an example is the herpesvirus . The last type
is the enveloped virus which has membranes around the capsids. Some viruses are HIV/
AIDS, Covid-19 and hepatitis A & B. HIV has a spherical virus shape. HIV attacks the CD4
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