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Summary The changing geography of civil rights

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A summary of the whole geography unit of the civil rights course

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  • May 31, 2024
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  • 2021/2022
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jesshirst
Changing geographical distribution of
1850 :

black Americans
The Atlantic slave trade brought
The first great migration : 1910-30 :

black slaves to the USA
.
1 6 million
.
migrated North because of :


↳ ↳
1790 : 700 000 , Black Americans (19 % of population Jim Crow

↳ ↳
slavery was unique to the south-east Lynching in the south


1850 : 3 2 million black
. slaves ↳
overdependance on the cotton crop (frequent slumps ,
1913-15 , 1920
,

400 , 000 freemen and lower 1922
wages 500 000 cotton
. , workers migrated North in

slaves were worth 3/s of a white person ↳
In the North there was :


-
Write European Immigrants in the North ↳
Better wages
drivalled slave labour ↳
shortage of labour during wwy

1819 : Missouri compromise ↳
Northern relatives + black communities
Freedom in 1865 :


emancipation proclamation
Disadvantages of Migration :

North wins the civil war

Family + friends left behund

13th amendment

Northern race predusice made finding employment difficult
Reasons for staying in the South :

high using costs

use improved during reconstruction

Ghettos were de facto segregated
-Black southerners given the vote ↳
Race riots
-



federal troops restrained white supremacists


migration was daunting to most freed slaves
The first Great Migration :
-


Illiterate + unskilled



Smillion black southerners migrated North-west between
Northern unions excluded black labour
1940 + 1970
.
The Slow drift North :

and world war : 2 Million sought well paid employment in

The end of reconstruction and introduction of
defense industries in Northern + Western States
Jim Crow led to a considerable out
migration ↳
Densely black populated Northern atles led to greater black
of the old south
consciousness +
political power - e .
g 1941 ,
black trade union
In

1879 , 20
, 000 black Mississppian' Exodusters'
leader A .
Phillip Randolf's promise to bring Washington DC
migrated to Kansas
to a standstill forced Roosevelt to promote equality in the

southern white fears about the economic impact
defense industries .
of the loss of black labour
-
chicagos black population : 250 , 000 (1940) to 500 , 000 (1950)

Between 1880 and 1900 ,
Chicagos Black population

Wartime overcrowding led to race riots e .
g Detriot 1943
rose from 6480 to 30 , 150 and New Yorks from

65 000 to
, 100 , 000
.
-




Advantages +
Disadvantages of the North :


Many had a better life In the North
back to the old south :
migration

Migration helped generate greater race consciousness ↳
Northern Ghettos continued to deteriorate
-
whites attacked the black population and colluded in t
the south changed dramatically after the 1960s

various methods of race control ↳
Defacto segragation was less pronounced in the south e .
g Atlanta
Northern white race control .



less Violence

Violence (NYC 1900)


Northern Rust belt was in decune , companies flocked to the booming
Gerrymandering e .
g
. in 1897 , Bostons City Council redrew
elector al South where unions were less powerful , land was cheaper + there
& stricts to dilute the black vote

↳ were tax breaks
By 1891 , 30 states In the North-west had adopted the secret

returning to ancestral home
ballot ,
partly to exclude illiterate black Voters


white landowners + landlords usually refused to sell orrent

homes to blacks in areas traditionally inhabited by whites


school boards promoted de facto segragation

Labour unions excluded black voters

, Reasons for mass migration :

Real estate price crash made property cheap

landlords were desperate for owners of any

significance of Migration : colour
.

↳ ↳
between 1890 to 1930 ,
NYCs black population Black real estate entreprenuer Phillip Payton
rose from 70 000 to 200 , 000
, . Jo brought in black tennants through his Afro-

Between 1920 and 1930 , 000 black migrants American
,
100
realty company
&
arived in Harlem , 000
but over 100 whites Race riots In NYC led black New Yorkers to


exited seek other accommodation .


The concentration of large numbers of black

Americans generated a sense of togetherness mus
and empowerment which made Harlem into

a cultural centre
.




an




-




Harlem
heading organisations + activists :

↳ NAACP Harlem Chapter : 1910


Me
W E . .
B DU Bois

A .
Phillip Randolf : 1925 Black, labour union


um

Marcus Garvey

Harlems problems :

poor relations between the black community and white

police officers led to rots e .
g 1935 + 43
.


Poverty was a major cause of 111 health
, infant mortality

was twice that of NYC
.


high rent


schools were overcrowded +
decaying

drugs prostitution
,
+ homocide


unemployment during the Great depression

White

vacism made employment difficult

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