The structure and function of carbohydrates
1) Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactose
2) Disaccharides: condensation / hydrolysis / glycosidic bonds
3) Energy source (e.g. glucose, fructose, galactose released via respiration)
4) Respiration - use of carbs
5) Photosynthesis (formation ...
AQA A Level Biology - 25 Mark
Essays GRADE A+ SOLUTIONS
The structure and function of carbohydrates
1) Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactose
2) Disaccharides: condensation / hydrolysis / glycosidic bonds
3) Energy source (e.g. glucose, fructose, galactose released via
respiration)
4) Respiration - use of carbs
5) Photosynthesis (formation of carbs/glucose)
6) Polysaccharides
7) Starch
8) Glycogen
9) Structural e.g. cellulose
10) Transport e.g. sucrose in phloem
11) Food store e.g. lactose in milk, starch in plants, glycogen in
animals.
12) Glycoproteins, glycolipids
13) Homeostasis
14) DNA/RNA (pentose)
The importance of shapes fitting together in cells and organisms
1) Enzyme properties and digestion
2) Protein structure
3) Plasma membrane structure and cell transport
4) Antigens, antibodies, B cells & T cells
5) Vaccines
6) Structure of DNA
7) DNA Replication (not PCR)
8) Transcription & translation
9) Transcriptional factors, oestrogen, siRNA
10) Restriction enzymes
11) Haemoglobin
12) Action potentials & synaptic transmission
13) Muscle contraction
14) Control of blood glucose
concentration
Describe how the structures of different polymers are related to
their functions
1) Biological molecules - carbs/proteins
2) release of energy from carbs
3) control of blood glucose
, 4) enzymes
5) DNA - structure
6) principles of immunology
7) transport of respiratory gases
The importance of hydrogen bonds in living organisms
1) passage of water through a plant - cohesion-tension mechanism
2) structure of proteins/starch/carbs
3) enzymes
4) DNA
5) gene technology
The importance of water in organisms
1) Properties of water
2) Condensation and hydrolysis
3) Photolysis
4) Digestion and absorption
5) Circulation
6) Tissue fluid and its circulation
7) Temperature control
8) Water potential and osmosis
9) Cell walls and support in plants
The different ways in which organisms use ATP
1) Muscle contraction
2) Active transport
3) Maintaining resting potential
4) Re-synthesis of acetylcholine and rhodopsin
5) Respiration
6) Light independent reactions of photosynthesis
7) Synthesis (anabolism)
8) Kidney function
9) Translocation
10) Nitrogen fixation
Inorganic ions include those of sodium, phosphorous and hydrogen.
Describe how these and other inorganic ions are used in living
organisms
1) nitrogen cycles
2) action potentials and nerve impulses
3) receptors convert stimuli into electrical impulses
4) respiration and ATP
5) photosynthesis uses energy to synthesis organic molecules from
inorganic sources
6) DNA
7) fertilisers and plant growth
8) hydrogen ions affect pH
9) factors which affect enzyme action
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