Exam (elaborations)
Nur 321- Intro Concepts
- Institution
- 4.ED FORMS - Verbs Or Modifiers.
Nur 321- Intro Concepts
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Nur 321- Intro Concepts- kidney disease (more meds stay in the body)
- liver disease (continue to cause liver failure)
- acid base imbalance
- electrolyte status - ANS-What are some important determinants of drug response?
· Physiological variables: talks about the actual person
· Pathological variables: what is going on in their body
· Genetic variables- can alter the metabolism of drugs and predispose the patient to
unique interactions
Drug interactions - ANS-What affects how the drug will work in the body?
Absorption - ANS-Depends on route.
- Orally: GI tract
- Topical: skin or mucous membrane
- IV: directly into blood stream
fast and slow absorbers
additive effect - ANS-2 drugs have more of an effect combined than they would if each
were given on their own. Ex: acetaminophen and ibuprofen.
- Ibuprofen and dlaudid
- Tylenol and morphine
adverse drug interactions - ANS-undesirable drug effect that ranges from mild effect (ex:
rash, nausea) to severe toxic effects, including hypersensitivity reactions and
anaphylaxis this is like a bully- you want to get it away
allergic reaction - ANS-patient sensitivity to a medication because of an immune
response
anaphylactic reaction - ANS-a life threatening response characterized by
bronchospasm, laryngeal edema, and drop in BP. (immune response)
Antagonistic - ANS-A client presents to the ed with an overdose on heroine. Naloxone is
administered and the client starts breathing and wakes up. Which type of effect is this?
antagonistic effect - ANS-2 drugs combined decrease the effects of each other. Ex:
morphine and naloxone (reversal for opioid overdose)
, - warfarin and potassium
Bioavailability - ANS-the percentage of the administered drug that reaches the systemic
circulation
carcinogenic effect - ANS-the ability of certain meds and environmental chemicals to
cause cancer.
Distribution - ANS-how drugs are carried to site of action
- protein binding: bound to protein are inactive, and unbound drug is free and active
(determines the amount of drug and how effective it is)
drug incompatibility - ANS-chemical or physical reaction that occurs among two or more
drugs outside of the client. Example: mixing meds in IV fluid. That's why its important to
push saline before IV fluids
Drug interactions - ANS-- laboratory interactions: meds will become toxic when not in
range (digoxin & hypokalemia)
- drug induced photosensitivity
Drug interactions - ANS-altered or modified action or effect of a drug as a result of
interaction with one or multiple drugs
Effectiveness - ANS-drug that elicits the response for which its given
Elderly & chronic illness - ANS-Patients are at an increase risk of adverse drug
reactions?
Excretion - ANS-Kidneys primarily sources- decreased renal function dosage
adjustment - - half life: the period of time required for the concentration or amount of
drug in the body to be reduced by one-half (duration of action)
Fast absorbers - ANS-What are drugs that are lipid soluble and non-ionized?
first pass effect - ANS-A drug is absorbed from the GI tract and passes via the portal
vein into the liver where some drugs are metabolized. Sometimes the result of first pass
metabolism means that only a proportion of the drug reaches the circulation. Morphine
high first pass
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