Exam (elaborations)
Immunology Kuby Chapter 4.
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- Ivy Tech - Bio 101- Final Exam
Immunology Kuby Chapter 4.
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Immunology Kuby Chapter 41. Define cytokines. - ANS-Cyto (cell); kinein (to move)
Low molecular-weight (30 kDa)
Proteins or glycoproteins
Released in response to stimuli
Be able to categorize a biological scenario as autocrine, paracrine, endocrine,
pleiotropic, redundant, synergic, antagonistic, and/or cascade inducting. - ANS-
Briefly describe the signal transduction pathway associated with receptor type. -
ANS-Signaling from IL-1
MyD88 (adapter) binds
Recruits IRAKs
IRAK-4 autophosphorylates
Phosphorylates other IRAKs
TRAF6 binds (ubiquitin-ligase)
IRAK-TRAF6 dissociates
Binds TAK1/TAB1/TAB2
Ubiquitin chains binds complex = ACTIVE
Signaling from Class I - JAK/STAT pathway
Class 2 also go through the JAK/STAT pathway
Signaling through Fas receptor (TNF) - Fas pathway
Signaling in IL-17
NF-κB pathway
MAP kinase
C/EBPβ and C/EBPδ (IL-6 TF
Define autocrine - ANS-Cell that releases cytokine is the target. Same
Define endocrine - ANS-Cell that releases cytokine cell that is far away is the target. Far
, Define paracrine - ANS-Cell that releases cytokine nearby cell is the target. Near
Describe how the following terms relate to cytokine function: pleiotropy, redundancy,
synergy, antagonism, and cascade induction. - ANS-
Describe IL-2R. What cells express the α, β, and/or γ chain? - ANS-
Describe the Fas signaling pathway. - ANS-FasL binds Fas
Clustering of Fas and Fas Death Domains
DDs of FADD bind DDs of Fas
Death effector domains (DED) of FADD bind DEDs of procaspase-8
Cleavage of pro domains
Activates Caspase-8
Activates Caspase-3 and 7
Activates nucleases and BID
Describe the JAK/STAT pathway. - ANS-Cytokine binding = dimerization
Activates JAK (kinase)
Phosphorylation of JAK and receptor
Docking site for STAT
Phosphorylation of STAT
Dimerization of STAT
Moves into nucleus
Transcription factor
How are cytokine response regulated? - ANS-Receptor expression on target cells
Directionality of cytokine release
Cytokines have a short half life
How can competition among ligand-binding chains lead to antagonist effects among
cytokines? - ANS-Bind directly to a receptor - no activation
Bind directly to a cytokine - inhibition
Soluble antagonists can arise from cleavage of receptors
How can microbes thwart cytokine activity? - ANS-
How do cytokines regulate the intensity and duration of the immune response? -
ANS-Activation
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