Exam (elaborations)
USF SPA 3004 Exam Review
- Module
- NTFS 2530 Exam 1
- Institution
- NTFS 2530 Exam 1
USF SPA 3004 Exam Review
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USF SPA 3004 Exam ReviewSpeech Perception - correct answer-an infant's ability to devote attention to the prosodic and
phonetic regularities of speech.
Develops tremendously in the first year
Prosodic characteristic of speech - correct answer-Includes frequency, duration, and
intensity
Stress - correct answer-Prominence placed on syllables of multisyllabic words
Inotation - correct answer-Similar to stress but also applies to entire phrases and sentences
Infant stress pattern preference - correct answer-By age 9, infants prefer strong-weak stress
patterns.
Preference for native stress patterns help infants isolate words in continuous speech
Categorical perception - correct answer-an ability that allows humans to categorize speech
in ways that highlight differences in meaning and ignore variation that are nonessential or
not meaningful in their language
These abilities develop and allow listeners to distinguish between phonemes so they can
quickly and efficiently process speech by ignoring variations that are not meaningful
Perceptual Narrowing - correct answer-Start to focus on differences that relevant to them
Phonotactic regularities - correct answer-Infants develop the ability to recognize permissible
combinations of phonemes in their language - this helps infants segment words from
continuous speech.
Allophones - correct answer-variations of sound in the same category. Does not signal a
difference in meaning between two words.
Voice onset time - correct answer-is the interval between the release of a stop consonant
and the onset of vocal cord vibrations
Infant awareness of actions and intentions - correct answer-By 4 months, infants can
distinguish between purposeful and accidental actions
Infants learn to view human actions as goal-directed
Once infants understand intentions behind actions, they can engage in intentional
communication by pointing, gesturing, and eventually using language
Category information - correct answer-The ability to infants aged 3-9 months to form
categories predicts
•General cognitive and language abilities at age 2 years
•Cognitive outcomes at age 2.5 years
, Superordinate, subordinate, basic - correct answer-furniture, coffee table, table
Category formation - correct answer-Infants form perceptual categories on the basis of
similarappearing features such as color, shape, texture, size, etc.
• By age 3 months they can distinguish between cats and dogs
• By 4 months they can distinguish between animals and furniture
• Conceptual categorization requires infants to know what an object does
Infant vocalization - correct answer-By 5 months, infants learn that their noncry vocalizations
elicit reactions from social partners
• Early vocalizations follow a stage model, such as the Stark Assessment of Early Vocal
Development - Revised (SAEVD-R)
• Includes 23 types of vocalizations grouped into five developmental levels
Reflexive - correct answer-0-2 months. Sounds of discomfort and distress and vegetative
sounds
Control of phonation - correct answer-1-4 months. Cooing and gooing, combine vowel-like
segments with consonant like segments, isolated consonant sounds like raspberries, trills,
and clicks
Expansion - correct answer-3-8 months
•Infants produce isolated vowel sounds and vowel glides
•Experiment with loudness and pitch •May squeal
•May use marginalized babbling, which consists of consonant-like and vowellike sounds with
prolonged transitions between the sounds
Basic canonical syllables - correct answer-5-10 months
• Single consonant-vowel syllables
• Canonical babbling emerges; infant produces more than two C-V syllables in a sequence
• Reduplicated babbling: Repeating C-V pairs
• Nonreduplicated babbling (variegated babbling): Nonrepeating C-V combinations
•Whispered vocalizations
•C-V combinations followed by an isolated consonant
•Disyllables •Infants who are deaf and infants who hear but have infants who are profoundly
deaf babble with their hands- with exposure to sign language
Advanced forms - correct answer-9-18 months
• Begin producing diphthongs
• More complex syllable forms: V-C, C-C-V, V-C-V, and multisyllable strings with and without
varied stress intonation patterns
• Jargon: Babbling containing at least two syllables and at least two different consonants and
vowels, as well as varied stress or intonation patterns
• Milestones involves a series of incremental developments
Infant directed speech - correct answer-The speech adults use with young language learners
Paralinguistic features of ids - correct answer-• High overall pitch
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