Exam (elaborations)
WSU Biology 315 Exam 1.
- Module
- Biology 101
- Institution
- Biology 101
WSU Biology 315 Exam 1.
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WSU Biology 315 Exam 1Anatomy - CORRECT ANSWER-The study of the structure of the human body
Dissection - CORRECT ANSWER-"I cut up"
Prosection - CORRECT ANSWER-"Already cut up"
Anatomical Terminology - CORRECT ANSWER--Based on ancient Greek or
Latin
-Provides standard nomenclature worlwide
Branches of Anatomy - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Gross anatomy (visible to naked
eye; muscles, bones, organs)
2. Microscopic anatomy (histology)
3. Developmental anatomy (embryology)
4. Comparative anatomy (correspondence of form)
5. Functional morphology (correlate form with specific function)
Hierarchy of Structural Organization - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Chemical level
2. Cellular level
3. Tissue level
4. Organ level
5. Organ system
6. Organism
Chemical Level (Hierarchy of Structural Organization) - CORRECT
ANSWER--Atoms form molecules
a) Elements of life: C, H, O, N, S, Ca, and P
b) Macromolecules of life: carbohydrates, proteins, fats (lipids), and nucleic acids
Cellular Level (Hierarchy of Structural Organization) - CORRECT
ANSWER--Cells and their functional subunits
a) Organelles: perform specific cell function
Tissue Level (Hierarchy of Structural Organization) - CORRECT
ANSWER--Group of cells performing a common function
,-4 primary tissue types: epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle
Organ Level (Hierarchy of Structural Organization) - CORRECT ANSWER-A
discrete structure made up of more than one tissue
Organ System (Hierarchy of Structural Organization) - CORRECT
ANSWER-Organs working together for a common purpose
Organism (Hierarchy of Structural Organization) - CORRECT ANSWER-The
result of all simpler levels working in unison
Cells in the Body - CORRECT ANSWER--Over 100 trillion cells in human body
-252 identified types of cells
-Cells must carry out all processes necessary for survival of the cell plus each
cell must perform specific functions required for survival of organism--NO
SLACKERS
-Differentiation
Differentiation - CORRECT ANSWER-Process by which cells become
specialized to perform specific functions
Cell Differentiation - CORRECT ANSWER-Differentiation results from altered
gene expression in response to locally produced molecules
-Undifferentiated cells = stem cells
Two Categories of Stem Cells - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Embryonic stem cells
2. Tissue specific stem cells
Embryonic Stem Cells - CORRECT ANSWER--Pluripotent (can become any type
of adult)
-Totipotent cell (= zygote, first few cell divisions) can become any cell including
placenta
Tissue Specific Stem Cells - CORRECT ANSWER-Partially specialized, found in
many adult tissues
,Tissue Engineering Accomplishments Using Stem Cells - CORRECT
ANSWER-a) Engineered skin patches are being used to treat burn victims
b) Lab grown cartilage grafts are already in use
c) Tissue engineered urinary bladders have been successfully transplanted into
humans
d) Tissue engineered supports for nerve regeneration are being tested in animals
e) Progress has been made in growing complex organs like liver and pancreas
Organ Systems - CORRECT ANSWER-Collection of organs that work together to
accomplish a particular task
12 Different Organ Systems - CORRECT ANSWER-Cardiovascular, respiratory,
digestive, nervous, skeletal, muscular, immune, lymphatic, urinary, integument,
endocrine, and reproductive
Anatomical Postion - CORRECT ANSWER-A common visual reference point
a) Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward
b) Palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away from the body
Regional Terms - CORRECT ANSWER-Names of specific body areas
Axial Region - CORRECT ANSWER-The main axis of the body (head, neck, and
trunk)
Appendicular Region - CORRECT ANSWER-The limbs
Superior (Cranial) - CORRECT ANSWER-Toward the head end or upper part of
a structure or the body; above
Inferior (Caudal) - CORRECT ANSWER-Away from the head end or toward the
lower part of a structure or the body; below
Anterior (ventral) - CORRECT ANSWER-Toward or at the front of the body; in
front of
Posterior (dorsal) - CORRECT ANSWER-Toward or at the back end of the body;
behind
, Medial - CORRECT ANSWER-Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner
side of
Lateral - CORRECT ANSWER-Away from the midline of the body; on the outer
side of
Intermediate - CORRECT ANSWER-Between a more medial and a more lateral
strucutre
Proximal - CORRECT ANSWER-Closer to the organ of the body part or the point
of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Distal - CORRECT ANSWER-Farther from the organ of a body part or the point
of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Superficial (external) - CORRECT ANSWER-Toward or at the body surface.
Deep (internal) - CORRECT ANSWER-Away from the body surface; more
internal
Coronal (Frontal) Plane - CORRECT ANSWER-Lies vertically and divides body
into anterior and posterior parts
Median (Midsagittal) Plane - CORRECT ANSWER--Specific sagittal plane that
lies vertically in the midline
-Divides into right and left halves
Transverse Plane - CORRECT ANSWER-Runs horizontally--divides body into
superior and inferior parts
The Human Body Plan - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Skin
2. Trunk muscles
3. Body cavities and digestive tube
4. Limbs
Dorsal Body Cavity - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Cranial cavity
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