Exam (elaborations)
BIO 141 Final Exam
- Module
- Biology 101
- Institution
- Biology 101
Exam of 34 pages for the course Biology 101 at Biology 101 (BIO 141 Final Exam)
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BIO 141 Final ExamAll cells must have... - CORRECT ANSWER--Nucleic acids that store and
transmit info
-Proteins that perform most of the cells functions
-Carbs that provide chemical energy, carbon, support, identity
-A plasma membrane which serves as a selectively permeable membrane
barrier.
Pro: Chromosome - CORRECT ANSWER-Singular, circular chromosome that
consists of large DNA molecules with a small number of proteins
Pro: Nucleoid - CORRECT ANSWER-location and structural organization of
circular chromosome.
Pro: Plasmids - CORRECT ANSWER-Circular, supercoiled DNA molecules
Ribosomes - CORRECT ANSWER--Function as protein-manufacturing center.
-Not organelles because not surrounded by membranes
Organelle - CORRECT ANSWER--Membrane-bound compartment inside the cell
that contains enzymes or structures specialized for a specific function.
-Functions: store calcium ions, etc; hold crystals for mineral magnetite (sense
magnetic field); organize enzyme for synthesizing compounds; sequestering
enzymes that generate chemical energy from ammonium.
Cytoskeleton - CORRECT ANSWER-protein filaments that help maintain
structure
Cytoplasm - CORRECT ANSWER--all the contents excluding the nucleus.
-Plasma membrane creates an internal environment that is distinct from the
outside, non-living environments
Cell Wall - CORRECT ANSWER--Tough fibrous layer that surrounds the plasma
membrane
-Protects against hypertonic effects.
-Glycolipids: lipids that contain carbohydrate group, creates protective layer.
,Flagella: - CORRECT ANSWER--Assembled from 40+ different proteins
-Base in membrane, rotation spins long helical filaments that propels cells around
60 cell lengths per second.
Fimbriae - CORRECT ANSWER-Needlelike projections that extend from plasma
membrane and promote attachment to other cells/surfaces.
Cytosol - CORRECT ANSWER-Fluid portion between the plasma membrane and
organelles, small fraction of volume of cell.
Advantages of compartmentalization - CORRECT ANSWER--Incompatible
chemical reactions can be separated.
-Chemical reactions become more efficient.
Differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes - CORRECT ANSWER--Euk.
chromosomes are much larger.
-Euk. cells are much larger.
-Euk. cells contain extensive amounts of internal membrane.
-Euk. cells have diverse and dynamic cytoskeleton.
Nucleus - CORRECT ANSWER--Location of genetic material
-Parts: nuclear envelope, nucleolus, nuclear lamina.
Nuclear Envelope - CORRECT ANSWER-Complex double membrane, studded
with pore-like openings.
Nuclear Lamina - CORRECT ANSWER-Linked fibrous proteins that form a
lattice-like sheet.
Nucleolus - CORRECT ANSWER-Where RNA molecules found in ribosomes are
manufactured and subunits are assembled.
Endoplasmic Reticulum - CORRECT ANSWER--Portions of the nuclear envelope
that extend into the cytoplasm to form an extensive membrane-enclosed factory.
,Rough ER - CORRECT ANSWER--Ribosomes attach to membrane and
synthesize proteins that will be inserted in the plasma membrane.
-Proteins secreted to exterior or shipped to an organelle.
-Proteins carry messages, membrane transport, enzymes.
-Ribosomes undergo folding and processing.
Lumen - CORRECT ANSWER-The interior of any sac-like structure in a cell or
body.
Smooth ER - CORRECT ANSWER--Contain enzymes that catalyze reactions
involving lipids.
-Synthesize or break down, manufacturing size of phospholipids for membrane.
-Reservoir for calcium ions, responsible for signal triggering.
Golgi Apparatus - CORRECT ANSWER--Consists of discrete flattened,
membranous sacs called cisternae, which are stacked on top of each other.
-Cis-side close to the nucleus and receives products.
-Trans-side oriented toward the plasma membrane, ships products off.
Lysosomes: - CORRECT ANSWER--Recycling centers
-40 different enzymes specialized for hydrolyzing different types of
macromolecules.
-Amino acids leave lysosome via transport and used as energy or building
blocks.
-Digestive enzymes = acid hydrolyses at pH 5.0 and use water to break
monomers.
Endomembrane System Organelles - CORRECT ANSWER--System for
producing, processing, and transporting proteins and lipids.
-Golgi Apparatus
-ER
-Lysosomes
Vacuoles - CORRECT ANSWER--Larger than lysosomes sometimes 80% of cell
volume
-Storage depots, often for K+ and Cl-
-Only in plant and fungi cells.
, Peroxisomes - CORRECT ANSWER--Centers for redox reactions, products often
include peroxide
-Single membraned and originate as buds from the ER
Mitochondria - CORRECT ANSWER--Produce ATP
-Outer membrane defines organelles surface.
-Inner membrane is connected to a series of sac-like cristae
-Mitochondrial matrix: solution enclosed with in inner membrane.
-Most machines and enzymes for synthesizing ATP are in cristae/matrix
Chloroplasts - CORRECT ANSWER--Where sunlight is converted to chemical
energy in photosynthesis
-Instead of cristae, thylakoids: membrane-bound, flat, sac-like.
-Grana: stacks of thylakoids.
-Stroma: contain enzymes that use chemical energy to produce energy.
Endosymbiosis Theory - CORRECT ANSWER--Ancestral eukaryotes ingested
mitochondria and chloroplasts and established a mutually beneficial relationship.
Cytoskeleton: - CORRECT ANSWER--Extensive system of protein fibers.
-Provides shape, structure stability and more cell itself and more materials within
the cell.
Nuclear Transport - CORRECT ANSWER--Nuclear lamina provides an
attachment point for chromosomes, each of which occupy a well-defined region.
-Nuclear pores: small opening connecting nucleus with cytosol.
-Out: ribosomal RNAs and mRNA travel through where protein synthesis takes
place
-In: Nucleotides and certain proteins enter in.
-Nuclear proteins are synthesized by ribosomes and contain a zip code that
marks them for transport through pore complex.
Nucleoplasmin - CORRECT ANSWER-Found in nucleus and plays role in
assembly at chromatin
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