Exam (elaborations)
NR 293 Exam 1|250 Q’s and A’s
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- NR 293 Exam 1|250 Q’s And A’s
NR 293 Exam 1|250 Q’s and A’s
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NR 293 Exam 1|250 Q’s and A’sChemical name - -Describes the drug's chemical composition and molecular
structure
Ex: (+/-)-2-(p-isobutylephenyl) propionic acid
-Generic name - -Nonproprietary name
-Given by the United States Adopted Names Council
-Used in most official drug compendiums to list drugs
Ex: Ibuprofen
-Trade name - -Proprietary name
-The drug has a registered trademark; use of the name is restricted by the
drug's patent owner (usually the manufacturer)
Ex: Motrin, others
-____________ determines the rate of drug dissolution - -Dosage form
-Drug dissolution - -dissolving of solid dosage forms and their absorption
from the GI tract
-Fastest drug absorption - -Oral disintegration, buccal tablets, oral soluable
wafers
-Slowest drug absorption - -Enteric-coated tablets
-Drug absorption from fastest to slowest - --Oral disintegration, buccal
tablets, oral soluable wafers
-Liquids, elixirs, and syrups
-Suspension solutions
-Powders
-Capsules
-Tablets
-Coated tablets
-Enteric-coated tablets
-Absorption - -Movement of a drug from its site of administration into the
blood stream for distribution to the tissues
-Bioavailablitiy - -Extent of drug absorption
-Medication routes - --Enteral
-Parenteral
-Topical
, -Enteral - -(GI tract)
-orally vs sublingual and buccal routes, G tube
-First pass effect, variable absorption
-Patenteral - --Intravenous (IV)
-Intramuscular (IM)
-Intravenous (IV) - -Rapid onset
Avoid first pass effect
-IV: Nursing considerations - -Monitor drug
Check for compatibilities
Monitor IV site
-Intramuscular (IM) - -Subcutaneously
-Topical - -Avoid first-pass effect, except rectal administration
-Transdermal
-Topical
-Transdermal - -Deliver constant amount
Slower onset, prolong duration
-Patent life - -Length of time from patent approval until patent expiration
-Normally 17 years in newly discovered drug molecule
-Biosimilar - -Copy version of an already authorized biological product
-New category of the generic drug market
-Therapeutic equivalence - -One drug in a class of several drugs is chosen
as the preferred agent, even though the drugs do not have the same active
ingredients
-In place due to high cost of drugs
-Both drugs have same therapeutic effect on the body
-Drug classification - -Drugs are grouped together based on their similar
properties
-Can be classified by structure or therapeutic use
-Three basic areas of pharmacology that describe the relationship between
the dose of a drug and the activity of that drug in treating the disorder - -
Pharmaceutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
, -Pharmaceutics - -The study of how various drug forms influence the way in
which the drug affects the body
-Different drug dosage forms have different pharmaceutical properties
-Pharmacokinetics - -The study of what the body does to the drug
-Involves absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
-Pharmacodynamics - -The study of what the drug does to the body
-Involves drug-receptor relationships
-Pharmacotherapeutics - -(Therapeutics)
Focuses on clinical use of drugs to prevent and treat diseases
-Defines the principles of drug actions
-Phases of drug activity - -Administration
1. Pharmaceutical phase: Disintegration of dosage form; dissolution of drug
in body
Drug available for absorption
2. Pharmacokinetic phase: Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
Drug available for action
3. Pharmacodynamic phase: Drug-receptor interaction
Effect
-Off-label prescribing - -Use of drugs for non-FDA-approved indications
-Toxicology - -Study of adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals on
living systems
-Toxic effects - -Often an extension of a drug's therapeutic action.
-Pharmacognosy - -The study of natural drug sources
(plants, animals, minerals)
-Oral drugs - -May be in solid form:
-Tablet
-Capsule
-Powder
May be liquid form:
-Solution
-Suspension
-Liquid oral drugs - -Already dissolved and usually absorbed more quickly
than solid dosage forms
Ex: elixirs, syrups
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