Exam (elaborations)
Pharmacology NR 293 exam 1 – Questions with Solutions
Pharmacology NR 293 exam 1 – Questions with Solutions
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Pharmacology NR 293 exam 1 –Questions with Solutions
Pharmacotherapeutics - -is the use of medications to prevent illnesses or as
an intervention to treat diseases.
-Pharmacokinetics - -what the body does to a medication and entails four
very important processes: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and
excretion of the drug
-Pharmacodynamics - -explores what the drug does to the body.
-The nursing process - -evidence-based framework that is used to guide
professional nursing practice. The nursing process consists of five steps:
assessment, nursing diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation.
Critical decision making underscores the nursing process in action. The nurse
collects both subjective and objective information in utilizing the steps of the
nursing process. The nurse addresses the multifaceted concerns of the
patient, including physiological, psychological, spiritual, cultural, and
socioeconomic needs.
-Drug interactions - -can occur at any time.
The reasons that clients may experience drug interactions include
polypharmacy: the simultaneous use multiple drugs;
patient's lack of knowledge of medication instructions; and
interactions that may occur when taking over-the-counter and herbal
supplements.
-Strategies to Prevent Drug Interactions - -The patient should understand
the reason for taking the medication, instructions for how to take the
medication, and how long he or she should take the medication.
Encourage the patient to keep a current list of medications and bring it to
each physician appointment.
Educate the patient about interactions with food and other medications that
may increase or decrease efficacy.
Support the patient in asking his or her healthcare provider and pharmacist
to verify his or her medication list, and if supplements or herbal therapies
interact.
Have the patient return to demonstrate patient teaching regarding how to
take the medications.
Designate friends or family members to assist patients with medication
administration when the patient has vision or memory problems.
Incorporate the use of a pillbox, calendar, or storage containers with labels
to assist with organizing medications.
, Discard old or expired medications.
-Pharmacological responses - -the physiological reactions that occur within
the body. These medication-body reactions may be therapeutic or toxic.
-Administration Routes - -There are two general types of drug
administration routes—enteral (via the GI tract) and parenteral (by injection).
Common routes include oral (PO), intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and
subcutaneous (SQ).
-intravenous (IV) - -Advantages:
Complete absorption
100% bioavailability
Precise control of dosing
Quick dilution of irritating drugs
Disadvantages:
Irreversible administration
Drug concentration, formulation, and rate of injection sensitivity
Risks of overloading body fluid volume, infection, and embolism
-intramuscular (IM) - -Advantages:
The use of poorly water-soluble drugs
The use for depot drug formulation (e.g., Penicillin G)
Disadvantages:
Discomfort and inconvenience
Local tissue injury caused by chronic administration
Risk of nerve damage because of improper injection
Moderate to low bioavailability
-subcutaneous (SQ) - -Advantages:
The use of poorly water-soluble drugs
The use for depot drug formulation
Disadvantages:
Discomfort and inconvenience
Local tissue injury caused by chronic administration
Risk of nerve damage because of improper injection
Moderate to low bioavailability
-oral (PO) - -Advantages:
Convenient and inexpensive
Higher safety of administration
Disadvantages:
Variability of drug absorption and difficulty of drug concentration control
Inactivation of certain drugs because of acidic environment of the stomach
(e.g., Penicillin G) and/or the liver "first-pass" effect (nitroglycerin)
Patients consciousness requirement
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