Lecture notes
topical language issues
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To learn for analysis and creative writing, for all exam boards and multiple subjects. Notes looking at topical language issues such as power, gender, technology and dialects.
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Term 4 – topical language issues Persuasive techniquesEmotive lexis, forceful phrases, chatty style,
Question notes stats, criticise opponent, clusters of 3, personal
pronouns, humour, readers sympathy,
AO2 – theory hyperbole, repetition, catchy slogans, figures of
AO5 – writing, engaging, entertaining, speech, contrasts, positive personal points,
persuasive. anecdotes, negative impersonal points, emotive
Gender, power, technology, media, change, pictures, short sentence and paragraphs,
learning readers guilt, quote a reliable source, shock
Article or blog entry or speech tactics.
Hypophora – asking a question to answer straight after
Language and power
Louis Althusser – 1918-1990
Interpellation – idea that ideas or information are projected to us, we internalise them and
come to believe they’re our own ideas
Hegemony – the idea that one social group is more dominant than another
Turn-taking + adjacency pairs.
Conversations based on taking turns to make an Turn-taking + power.
utterance. Conversation between ‘equals’ is
Turns usually come with adjacency pairs, managed by ‘negotiation’.
Preferred response = expected turn or response >> 1st speakers choose next speaker.
in an adjacency pair, (unmarked). >>next speaker knows to take turn.
Disprefferred response = unexpected response, >>1st speaker continues.
(marked). Dialogue between equals is more
Feedback to express satisfaction or thanks uncommon.
More powerful speaker may:
Holding the floor interrupt; enforce explicitness;
Claiming or keeping a turn control the topic; formulation.
Falling intonation = signals point is made, or
response is in order.
A pause for a breath may be taken as an opening.
Speaker takes pauses for breath throughout rather than the end to retain the turn.
Ends sentence with connectives to retain turn.
Fillers to block other turns.
Fairclough’s critical discourse Synthetic personalisation
questions Coined by Norman Fairclough.
Who leads the talk? Artificial friendless to reinforce power.
Who controls the topic? ‘Tendency to give the impression of threatening each of the
Who talks the most? people handled on mass as an individual’.
Who is most dominating? Target audience + make intimate.
Who interrupts/backs down? Advertisements, politicians + charity.
Who comments on what’s said? 3 stages of critical discourse:
What are the pragmatics?
, 1. Building relationships through personalisation
2. Manipulation of audiences cultural and cognitive understanding of the world.
3. Building the consumer into an ideal receiver
Mean time talking = words said / turns taken
Wearing 1999 Power grouping
Political -> law associates
Personal -> occupation
Social group -> class, gender, age
Fairclough members resources – ideas of what is drawn upon texts and the presenter’s manipulation
of such.
Practical power >> physical actions, violence, skill, money, goods, services
Knowledge and ideas power >> knowledge and ideas to influence.
Position power >> power from position in hierarchy.
Personal power >> personality, charisma, nurturing or caring.
Influential – kind of power that cam be recognised easy when explicit or which can be very subtle.
- Repels and attracts readers.
- Maligned language level of graphology comes on its own.
- Established in asymmetrical exchange.
- Investigating society.
- Makes to concentrate on expressions and reflections of social power in and behind
texts.
Instrumental – laws and maxims of speech.
Power in discourse elements: declaratives and imperatives; passive constructions; use of modal
auxiliaries; bullet points; false simplicity; asymmetry of power; lexical fields; Latinate lexis.
Power and contexts points:
Power isn’t a static concept – it’s about context.
Can apply Giles communication accommodation theory.
Features: assumes agrees; giving instructions; Latinate lexis and jargon; colloquial idiomatic
language; standard and non-standard language; formality; terms of address; phonology and
modals.
Language and technology
John McWhorter >> fingered speech: write the way we talk and talk the way we write
>> texting is not writing
>> speech did and does come before writing
David Crystal
Texting is done by all ages
Abbreviations have existed before the younger generation
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