Summary notes for GCSE (Edexcel GCSE (9-1) History Russia and the Soviet Union, 1917–1941 ). Four mind maps for each chapter, summarising the main points of each chapter, with statistics and dates. Everything needed for the test condensed into four pages.
4. Agriculture Mechanisation (MTS) Impacts of 5 y
The October Revolution left the Communist revolutionaries with a Machine Tractor Stations (MTSs) were set up to rent POSITIVES
big problem. It was rural and agricultural. It had a small industrial out agricultural machinery to groups of collective -An ideology for peasant workers which turne
working class, and its farming was very backward. In the farms. They also acted as collecting points for the grain IN 1928 there were 4.8 million wo
countryside peasants lived traditional lives, with little education, being demanded by the state.. Each MTS has a -Industry now spread and rural area
and were very religious. None of this suited communist ideologies. “political department”- staffed by secret police
Farmers also behaved like capitalists- trying to make more money members- to keep an eye on local communities. NEGATIVE
for themselves. The richest were called Kulaks. -Targets were too ambitious. Target for coa
In many areas, there were not enough tractors to go tonnes. actual output w
Stalin implemented changes in agriculture primarily due to the round; and collective farms continued to rely on -Officials often gave false or exaggera
perceived shortcomings of the New Economic Policy (NEP), traditional methods, like harvesting by land an -Housing industry was virtually ignored an
which allowed some private enterprise and market ploughing with horse-drawn ploughs.
mechanisms. Even though it did help with food shortages it did
not fit with communist ideals. Stalin could also help to isolate
Bukharin by doing this- eliminating a rival.
The collectivisation of agriculture involved the consolidation of
individual farms into collective farms, aiming for greater
Successes and Failures ECONOM
efficiency and control over production.
AND SOC
Succeses
Mechanisation of agriculture was introduced to increase -Communist Party now in control of Countryside
productivity, though it faced resistance from many peasants, -Each MTS had a secret police member to keep watch
particularly the wealthier ones known as kulaks.
The attack on the kulaks involved confiscation of their property
and sometimes violent repression. About 30,000 were killed in
on area (increased government control)
-Grain sold abroad helps to afford 5 year plans CHANGES
1930-31.
Collectivisation led to widespread opposition and resistance,
Failures
-Huge numbers of people died- a terrible human
41
with some regions experiencing severe famine, notably the tragedy
Ukraine. -Food supplies disrupted by chaos in countryside
While collectivisation had some successes in increasing -Living standards in towns and countryside lowered
agricultural output, it also resulted in significant failures, -Too few tractors and agriculture remained backward
including the loss of millions of lives due to famine and -Many of most experienced and capable peasant Stalin’s rapid indust
disruptions in food supply. farmers were killed
WHY?
-Agriculture tool a long time to recover.
-Stalin strongly opposed NEP because it a
(not communist)
-Stalin wanted more control o
Famine + Holodomor Five year Plans
-Stalin wanted to show that communism
future
As the campaign was completed, an appalling famine struck the -Stalin’s rivals would be criticised for l
Soviet Union. Many died due to the grains seizures. In Kazakhstan First Five year Plan (1928-32)- Increase the output -Soviet Union needed to be strong enough
aboyt 1.3 million people starved to death and about one million died of heavy industries like “coal, iron, steel, engineering produce weapon
in Russia. Across the Soviet Union about 5.7 million people died and chemicals”
during collectivisation. By July 1933, 83% of all arable land and 64%
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