Exam (elaborations)
Archaeology Exam 3 (1).
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- WGU - D080_ FVC1 Enhanced Study Guide
Archaeology Exam 3 (1).
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Archaeology Exam 3Analogy - ANS-Noting similarities between two entities and inferring from that similarity
that an additional attribute of one (the ethnographic case) is also true for the other (the
archaeological case).
Principal of Uniformitarianism - ANS-The principle asserting that the processes now
operating to modify the earth's surface are the same processes that operated long ago
in the geological past.
faunal - ANS-in archaeology, animal bones in archaeological sites
Kiva - ANS-A Pueblo ceremonial structure that is usually round (but may be square or
rectangular) and semi-subterranean. They appear in early Pueblo sites and perhaps
even in the earlier (pre-AD 700) pithouse villages.
Sipapu - ANS-A Hopi word that loosely translates as "place of emergence." The original
is the place where the Hopi are said to have emerged into this world from the
underworld. also small pits in kivas through which communication with the supernatural
world takes place.
formal analogies - ANS-Analogies justified by similarities in the formal attributes of
archaeological and ethnographic objects and features.
relational analogies - ANS-Analogies justified on the basis of close cultural continuity
between the archaeological and ethnographic cases or similarity in general cultural
form.
Bonebed - ANS-Archaeological and paleontological sites consisting of the remains of a
large number of animals, often of the same species, and often representing a single
moment in time—a mass kill or mass death.
Experimental Archaeology - ANS-Experiments designed to determine the
archaeological correlates of ancient behavior; may overlap with both ethnoarchaeology
and taphonomy.
heat treatment - ANS-A process whereby the flintknapping properties of stone tool raw
material are improved by subjecting the material to heat.
, flake - ANS-A thin, sharp sliver of stone removed from a core during the knapping
process.
core - ANS-A piece of stone that is worked ("knapped"). Sometimes serve merely as
sources for raw materials; they also can serve as functional tools.
flute - ANS-Distinctive channel on the faces of Folsom and Clovis projectile points
formed by removal of one or more flakes from the point's base.
channel flake - ANS-The longitudinal flake removed from the faces of Folsom and
Clovis projectile points to create the flute.
Ethnoarchaeology - ANS-The study of contemporary peoples to determine how human
behavior is translated into the archaeological record.
Slash-and-burn - ANS-A horticultural method, used frequently in the tropics, in which a
section of forest is cut, dried, and then burned. This returns nutrients to the ground and
permits the land to be farmed for a limited number of years.
Taphonomy - ANS-The study of how bones and other materials come to be buried in the
earth and preserved as fossils.
What is the difference between analogy and middle-level theory? - ANS-- Both seek to
make inferences about human behavior from archaeological remains.
- analogy: one way to construct the past by comparing to contemporary societies. The
greater number of similarities, the greater the probability of the analogy being correct.
- middle-level: uses modern data from taphonomy, experimental archaeology, and
ethnoarchaeology to explain why particular natural processes or human behaviors can
be inferred from particular material remains. Relied on the principle of uniformitarianism.
What is the principle of uniformitarianism? - ANS-- studying ongoing processes and
their consequences
- Assumes the processes of the past and the present are the same.
What do taphonomy, experimental archaeology, and ethnoarchaeology study? -
ANS-Taphonomy studies the natural processes that help produce archaeological sites.
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