Unlock your academic potential with my notes on Immunity and Infection, tailored specifically for students pursuing Biomedical Science, Biochemistry, Immunology Biology, Biomedical Engineering and Nursing. These notes are perfect for anyone looking to excel in their studies and gain a deep understa...
Lecture: Infection and Immunity
Date: Thursday 22nd February
Time: 11am – 12pm
Immunopathology
This is where immunology causes us disease, due to the genotype, infection etc. We are
going to discuss several things, including:
- Hypersensitivity (type1 = allergy to pollen) – it can be serious or mild.
- Auto (self) immunity – building t cells against our own tissue, causing disease.
- 4 types of sensitivity
- Immunodeficiency disease – body can’t make t cells and need a bone marrow
transplant.
- Transplant rejection – matching donor and recipient but unless we have an identical
twin, we cannot have a 100% match.
Triggers for autoimmunity
Figure 1: Genetic factors depend on what our parents have given us, exposure to the
environment. In some cases, we may have an immune dysregulation. We produce t
regulatory cells that may not work in that individual.
Figure 2: Venn diagram of 4 important factors: Environmental, Genetic, and immune
regulation, which influence autoimmune disease.
Four main causes of autoimmune reactions:
1) Release of normally hidden antigens.
2) Molecular mimicry between foreign and self-antigens.
3) Inappropriate MHC class 2 expression on non-antigen presenting cells (due to high
levels of IFN – gamma present in the tissue.
4) Super antigens that cause a cytokine storm, which activate polyclonal T cells and V
cells.
5) Gender: 78% of autoimmune diseases in the US are in women.
Pathways used in the induction of autoimmunity.
Yellow: represents reasons for setting off an autoimmune response (release of antigens,
molecular mimicry, or inappropriate expression of MHC class 2).
(image on slide)
Sequestered self-antigens.
Example 1: Trauma to your eye socket causes interocular antigens to be released into the
blood stream. The antigens enter local lymph node and activates T cells. T cells migrate out
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