A set of notes based on the popular topics among A level edexcel Geography exam. Case studies, diagrams and detailed notes are included in the pact. Resources are obtained from textbooks and online research. Data is condensed and going through these notes may help you to tackle the geography papers...
Ch.1.1 the global distribution of tectonic hazards
➢ Main earthquake zones are fund along plate boundaries
➢ Around 70% of all earthquakes are found in the ‘ring of fire’ in the Pacific
Ocean
➢ Powerful earthquakes are associated with convergent and conservative
boundaries
➢ Rare intra-plate earthquake can occur
Global plate boundaries:
Distribution of earthquakes and volcanic eruption
1
,Type of boundaries:
Convergent Divergent Conservative
Earthquake Strong Small and with low Strong
- Subduction hazard risk - Area of friction
zone - Mostly located
in ocean
Volcanic eruption More vigorous Nil Nil
- Magma is But a spreading
melted by ridge is formed
water
Tsunami Big Unlikely to trigger Nil
- Displace the
water
Affect to Destroy the Construct new Nil
lithosphere lithosphere lithosphere
Theoretical frameworks and plate movement
✓ Rock in the upper mantle is cool
and brittle
✓ Rock in the lower mantle is plastic
and hot
✓ The temperature decreases down
from the crust, it results in convection
⚫ Convection results in tectonic plates movement
⚫ Gravity causes the denser oceanic crust to subduct into the asthenosphere
Paleomagnetism: study of magnetic rocks and sediments to record the history of the
magnetic fields.
Plate tectonics: plates move in different direction
Slab pulls Pulling force exerted by a cold, dense oceanic plate plunging
into the mantle due to its own weight
Ridge push Proposed driving force for plate motion in plate tectonics
that occurs at mid-oceanic rides because of the rigid
2
, lithosphere sliding down the hot, raised asthenosphere
below the mid-ocean ridge
⚫ OFZ (Oceanic Fracture Zone) – This is a belt of activity through the oceans and
along the mid-ocean ridges through Africa, the Red Sea, the Dead Sea
⚫ CFZ (Continental Fracture Zone) – This is a belt of activity along the mountain
ranges from Spain through the Alps to the Middle East and to the Himalayas
Types of locked fault
3
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