Health 645 Chapter 1 Nutrients
nutrient - ANS-nutrient is a substance found in food that per forms one or more specific
functions in the body.
Promotion of growth and development. - ANS-Promotion of growth and development.
This func tion is mainly performed by proteins. Muscle, soft tissues, and organs consist
largely of protein, and protein is required for any tissue growth or repair. In addition,
calcium and phosphorus are important building blocks for the skeleton.
Provision of energy. - ANS-Provision of energy. This function is predomi nantly
performed by carbohydrates and fats. Although protein can also function as a fuel, its
contribution to energy expenditure is usually limited, and energy provision is not a
primary function of protein.
Regulation of metabolism. - ANS-Regulation of metabolism. Nutrients used in this
function are vitamins, minerals, and proteins. Enzymes are proteins that play an
important role as catalysts, allowing metabolic reactions to proceed at far higher rates
than they would spontaneously. An example of an enzyme is phosphorylase, which
breaks down carbohydrate stores in the liver and muscles. Another important protein is
hemoglobin, which is found in erythrocytes (red blood cells). Erythrocytes are essential
for the transport of oxygen from the lungs to the tissues, and the hemoglobin molecule
acts as an oxygen carrier. The hemoglobin molecule is a complex of protein
(polypeptide chains) and nonprotein groups (porphyrin rings) that hold iron (to which
oxygen molecules can be bound). For the synthesis of this complex, other enzymes,
minerals, and vitamins are required. Thus, the interaction between vita mins, minerals,
and proteins in the regulation of metabolism can be complex.
phosphorylase - ANS-phosphorylase, which breaks down carbohydrate stores in the
liver and muscles. A
Hemoglobin - ANS-Another important protein is hemoglobin, which is found in
erythrocytes (red blood cells). Erythrocytes are essential for the transport of oxygen
from the lungs to the tissues, and the hemoglobin molecule acts as an oxygen carrier.
The hemoglobin molecule is a complex of protein (polypeptide chains) and nonprotein
groups (porphyrin rings) that hold iron (to which oxygen molecules can be bound). For
the synthesis of this complex, other enzymes, minerals, and vitamins are required.
Thus, the interaction between vita mins, minerals, and proteins in the regulation of
metabolism can be complex.
, ◾
Macronutrients - ANS-Macronutrients
◾
Carbohydrate
◾
Fat
◾
Protein
Water
◾
Micronutrients - ANS-Micronutrients
◾
Vitamins
◾
Minerals
Trace elements
Carbohydrate Molecules - ANS-The name carbohydrate indicates molecules built of
carbon (carbo) and hydrogen (hydrate; water). The general formula of carbohydrate is
CH2O. In other words, the molar ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen is 1:2:1 in all
carbohydrates.
most important carbohydrates - ANS-The most important carbohydrates in our diet are
glucose, fructose, sucrose, glucose polymers (maltodextrins), and starch (amylopec tin).
monosaccharides - ANS-monosaccharides represent the basic unit of a carbohydrate,
and three monosaccharides— glucose, fructose, and galactose—are present in our diet.
Glucose is often called dextrose or grape sugar, and fructose is often referred to as fruit
sugar. Galactose is usually present in only small amounts in our diet, but relatively large
amounts are released after the digestion of the disaccharide milk sugar (lactose).
Disaccharides - ANS-Disaccharides are a combination of two mono saccharides.
◾
Disaccharides and monosaccharides are collectively called sugars, simple sugars, or
simple carbohydrates. The most important disac charides are sucrose, lactose, and
maltose. Sucrose, by far the most abundant dietary disac charide, provides about 20%
to 25% of the daily energy intake in the Western world. Sucrose is composed of a
glucose molecule and a fructose molecule.
Oligosaccharides - ANS-Oligosaccharides are 3 to 9 monosaccharides combined and
can be found in most vegetables.
Polysaccharides - ANS-Polysaccharides contain 10 or more monosac charides
combined in one molecule. Polysaccha rides can contain 10 to 20 monosaccharides
(often referred to as glucose polymers or maltodextrins) or up to thousands of
monosaccharides (starch, glycogen, or fiber).
nutrient - ANS-nutrient is a substance found in food that per forms one or more specific
functions in the body.
Promotion of growth and development. - ANS-Promotion of growth and development.
This func tion is mainly performed by proteins. Muscle, soft tissues, and organs consist
largely of protein, and protein is required for any tissue growth or repair. In addition,
calcium and phosphorus are important building blocks for the skeleton.
Provision of energy. - ANS-Provision of energy. This function is predomi nantly
performed by carbohydrates and fats. Although protein can also function as a fuel, its
contribution to energy expenditure is usually limited, and energy provision is not a
primary function of protein.
Regulation of metabolism. - ANS-Regulation of metabolism. Nutrients used in this
function are vitamins, minerals, and proteins. Enzymes are proteins that play an
important role as catalysts, allowing metabolic reactions to proceed at far higher rates
than they would spontaneously. An example of an enzyme is phosphorylase, which
breaks down carbohydrate stores in the liver and muscles. Another important protein is
hemoglobin, which is found in erythrocytes (red blood cells). Erythrocytes are essential
for the transport of oxygen from the lungs to the tissues, and the hemoglobin molecule
acts as an oxygen carrier. The hemoglobin molecule is a complex of protein
(polypeptide chains) and nonprotein groups (porphyrin rings) that hold iron (to which
oxygen molecules can be bound). For the synthesis of this complex, other enzymes,
minerals, and vitamins are required. Thus, the interaction between vita mins, minerals,
and proteins in the regulation of metabolism can be complex.
phosphorylase - ANS-phosphorylase, which breaks down carbohydrate stores in the
liver and muscles. A
Hemoglobin - ANS-Another important protein is hemoglobin, which is found in
erythrocytes (red blood cells). Erythrocytes are essential for the transport of oxygen
from the lungs to the tissues, and the hemoglobin molecule acts as an oxygen carrier.
The hemoglobin molecule is a complex of protein (polypeptide chains) and nonprotein
groups (porphyrin rings) that hold iron (to which oxygen molecules can be bound). For
the synthesis of this complex, other enzymes, minerals, and vitamins are required.
Thus, the interaction between vita mins, minerals, and proteins in the regulation of
metabolism can be complex.
, ◾
Macronutrients - ANS-Macronutrients
◾
Carbohydrate
◾
Fat
◾
Protein
Water
◾
Micronutrients - ANS-Micronutrients
◾
Vitamins
◾
Minerals
Trace elements
Carbohydrate Molecules - ANS-The name carbohydrate indicates molecules built of
carbon (carbo) and hydrogen (hydrate; water). The general formula of carbohydrate is
CH2O. In other words, the molar ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen is 1:2:1 in all
carbohydrates.
most important carbohydrates - ANS-The most important carbohydrates in our diet are
glucose, fructose, sucrose, glucose polymers (maltodextrins), and starch (amylopec tin).
monosaccharides - ANS-monosaccharides represent the basic unit of a carbohydrate,
and three monosaccharides— glucose, fructose, and galactose—are present in our diet.
Glucose is often called dextrose or grape sugar, and fructose is often referred to as fruit
sugar. Galactose is usually present in only small amounts in our diet, but relatively large
amounts are released after the digestion of the disaccharide milk sugar (lactose).
Disaccharides - ANS-Disaccharides are a combination of two mono saccharides.
◾
Disaccharides and monosaccharides are collectively called sugars, simple sugars, or
simple carbohydrates. The most important disac charides are sucrose, lactose, and
maltose. Sucrose, by far the most abundant dietary disac charide, provides about 20%
to 25% of the daily energy intake in the Western world. Sucrose is composed of a
glucose molecule and a fructose molecule.
Oligosaccharides - ANS-Oligosaccharides are 3 to 9 monosaccharides combined and
can be found in most vegetables.
Polysaccharides - ANS-Polysaccharides contain 10 or more monosac charides
combined in one molecule. Polysaccha rides can contain 10 to 20 monosaccharides
(often referred to as glucose polymers or maltodextrins) or up to thousands of
monosaccharides (starch, glycogen, or fiber).
