Exam (elaborations)
EAB Final exam
- Module
- Biology 101
- Institution
- Biology 101
Exam of 7 pages for the course Biology 101 at Biology 101 (EAB Final exam)
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EAB Final examDiscriminative stimulus (SD) - ANS-A controlling stimulus that sets the occasion for
reinforcement of an operant
S-delta(S∆) - ANS-A stimulus that sets the occasion for non-reinforcement of an
operant; Extinction stimulus
Emitted versus Occasion - ANS-Operants can and do occur in the absence of any
eliciting stimulus; they are said to be freely emitted. However, when an SDcomes to
control occurrences of an operant, to alter its probability of occurring, then it is said that
the SDoccasions the operant. The term occasion dictated that the operant is under the
stimulus control of an antecedent stimulus (can be defined as creating a situation in
which something, the operant, is especially likely to occur)
Differential Reinforcement - ANS-Alternating between periods of reinforcement and
extinction
Discrimination Index (ID) - ANS-(SDrate)/(SDrate + S∆ rate) One way to measure the
stimulus control exerted by the SD and at any moment, compares the rate of response
in the SD component to the sum of the rates in both SD and S∆phases
Multiple Schedule - ANS-Two or more simple schedules are presented one after the
other and each schedule is accompanied by a distinctive stimulus, unique SD
Behavior Contrast - ANS-Refers to a negative correlation between the response rates in
the two components of a multiple schedule (as one goes up, the other goes down)
Positive Contrast - ANS-When rate of response in an unchanged setting increases with
a decline in behavior in another situation
Negative Contrast - ANS-When rate of response decreases in an unaltered situation
with increases in behavior in another setting
Generalization - ANS-An organism that behaves similarly in different situations is said to
generalize across circumstances; common properties of different stimuli set the
occasion for operant behavior
, Stimulus Generalization - ANS-Occurs when an operant that has been reinforced in the
presence of a specific discriminative stimulus also is emitted in the presence of other
stimuli
Generalization Gradient - ANS-Shows the relationship between the probability of
response and stimulus value
Peak Shift - ANS-highest in the middle and declining at extremes
Absolute - ANS-The probability of response is the highest in the presence of the
stimulus value used in training; occurs when reinforcement (no extinction training) is the
only procedure used to establish stimulus control
Relative - ANS-An organism responds to differences among the values of two or more
stimuli
Errorless Discrimination - ANS-Successful because the trainer/teacher does not allow
the organism to make mistakes by responding to the extinction stimulus; involves two
basic procedures: 1) Early introduction of the S∆, 2) Gradual transfer of stimulus control.
Involves gradually introducing the S∆ initially at a very weak intensity such that
responding to it is at a very low probability. Over repeated trials, the intensity of the S∆
is gradually increased. Eventually the S∆ can be presented in its full intensity and the
subject will not respond to it. A discrimination between the SD and the S∆ was acquired
without the errors of responding to the S∆
Fading - ANS-Involves transferring stimulus control from one value of a stimulus to
another
Choice - ANS-Concerned with the distribution of operant behavior (behavior controlled
consequences) among alternative sources of reinforcement (i.e. options)
Preference - ANS-When an alternative is selected more frequently than others
Two Key Procedure - ANS-Alternative schedules of reinforcement are presented at the
time using a concurrent schedule
Concurrent schedule of reinforcement - ANS-When 2 or more simple schedules are
available at the same time
Concurrent Ratio Schedule - ANS-...
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