GNUR 203 Module 8
first line of defense - ANS-the line of defense where there are physical and chemical
barriers to pathogens
second line of defense - ANS-the line of defense where there are cells, chemicals, and
general processes that kill pathogens
third line of defense - ANS-the line of defense where reactions against specific
pathogens occur
innate immunity - ANS-Inborn, ancient protection existing in one form or another in all
eukaryotic organisms.
-Made up of the first two lines of defense
-the sum of the non-specific forms of immunity
adaptive immunity - ANS-The third line of defense where the sum of the specific forms
of immunity are; it has a memory
physical barriers - ANS-the structures that block entry of pathogens into the body.
Ex) skin, cilia, etc...
mechanical barriers - ANS-barriers that are the methods and processes used to remove
pathogens from the physical barriers.
-Ex) flushing, rinsing, and/or trapping
chemical barriers - ANS-a type of barrier where molecules may directly attack invaders
or establish environments that limit pathogen survival in or on a particular tissue.
physical, chemical, mechanical - ANS-What types of barriers does the skin have?
epidermis - ANS-What is the physical barrier of the skin?
False - ANS-True or False: The constant loss of dead skin cells makes it easier for
microbes to enter into the body.
sebum - ANS-What acidic, chemical barrier does the skin produce to inhibit microbes
from gaining entry?
, mucus membranes - ANS-the physical and mechanical barrier of a single layer of
epithelial cells & underlying connective tissue that secretes mucus. This prevents the
epithelial cells from drying out, trap microorganisms, and provide nutrients.
true - ANS-True or False: mucous membranes are a better environment for pathogen
survival when compared to skin
respiratory, GI, vaginal, urinary, ears, eyes - ANS-Where can mucous membranes be
found?
mucous-coated hairs and the mucociliary escalator - ANS-What is the mechanical
barrier of the respiratory system?
mucociliary escalator - ANS-These cilia move in time with each other, allowing the
mucus to pushed up toward the throat where it can be coughed up or swallowed into the
GI tract
Chemical - ANS-What kind of barrier does the GI system have?
saliva - ANS-the chemical barrier of the GI system where it contains slightly acidic pH,
lysozymes, urea, and uric acid to break down peptidoglycan
gastric secretions - ANS-the chemical barrier of the GI system where HCI has the ability
to destroy pathogens due to its very low pH
mechanical, chemical - ANS-What barriers do the ears have?
earwax - ANS-the mechanical and chemical substance in the ears that traps pathogens,
contains fatty acids, and has a low pH
mechanical, chemical - ANS-What barriers does the urinary system have?
urine - ANS-This flushes pathogens from the urethra; It is slightly acidic and contains
lysozyme
chemical - ANS-What barrier does the vagina have?
glycogen - ANS-What does the vagina secrete that allows the growth of lactobacillus
acidophilus to decrease the pH
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