Exam (elaborations)
GNUR 293_ Exam 4 (2)
- Institution
- Anatomy Condensed Final Exam Review - GNUR 155
GNUR 293_ Exam 4 (2)
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
Content preview
GNUR 293: Exam 4Ventilation - ANS-movement of air in and CO2 out of the lungs
ex: decrease ventilation = asthma or obstruction (air in)
Functional residual capacity - ANS-reserve of air that is left over in lungs after expiration
-decrease will occur in COPD, pregnant women, obese patients
-become hypoxic much quicker
Pulmonary function test (PFT) - ANS-evaluation of airflow in lungs
-used spirometer
-obstructive = can't get air out
-restrictive= can't get air in
Ventilation dead space: anatomic dead space - ANS-volume of gas not used in gas
exchange (no perfusion or diffusion-only in lungs)
-apex of lung "dead space"
Mechanics of breathing: airway resistance - ANS--influenced by airway radius and
pattern of gas flow
-stimulation of cholinergic fibers (PNS) = bronchoconstriction
-Stimulation of B2 adrenergic fibers (SNS) = bronchodilation
-turbulent flow increases resistance
-laminar flow decreases resistance
Mechanics of breathing: lung compliance - ANS--influences the work of breathing
-represents lung expandability and ease of lung inflation
ex: skinny jeans/smaller balloon = low/decreased compliance; wide jeans/bigger balloon
= high/increased compliance
Low compliance - ANS--low volume inflation
-high pressure or effort
ex: fibrosis, stiff lung
High compliance - ANS--high volume of inflation
-low pressure or effort
ex: COPD, loss of elastic
Are alveoli larger at base or apex of lung? - ANS-apex
,Perfusion - ANS--movement of blood in and out of capillary beds of lungs to body
organs/tissues
ex: decrease perfusion = pulmonary emboli
Where is perfusion the highest in the lung? - ANS-The bottom or base or zone 3
aka lowest ventilation
-work of breathing is done here
Where is perfusion the lowest in the lung? - ANS-The top or apex or zone 1
aka highest ventilation
What is the ventilation to perfusion ratio? - ANS-0.8
4 L/min of alveolar ventilation to 5 L/min capillary blood flow
Hypoventilation - ANS--insufficient delivery of air to alveoli to meet need to provide O2
and remove CO2
-increase PaCO2 (hypercapnia) due to decrease respiration
causes for hypoventilation - ANS--morphine
-sleep apnea
-damage to chest wall
-rib contusion
-paralysis of respiratory muscles
hyperventialtion - ANS--increased air entering alveoli
-decreased PaCO2 < 35 mm Hg (hypocapnia) due to increase respirations
cause of hyperventilation - ANS--pain
-fever
-anxiety
-obstructive and restrictive lung disease
-sepsis
-brain stem injury
Hypoxemia - ANS-deficient levels of blood O2
Hypoxia - ANS-decreased in tissue oxygen
High V/Q imbalance - ANS-ventilation with no perfusion
, -physiologic dead space
Low V/Q mismatch - ANS--Lower PaO2
-airways obstructed
-hypoxemia results
shunt effect - ANS--results from blood flowing from the right side to the left side of heart
without passing through ventilated areas of the lung (localized pneumonia- alveoli are
perfused but not ventilated)
Diffusion - ANS-passive movement of gas between air spaces in lungs and bloodstream
(high concentration to low concentration area)
ex: change in diffusion = pulmonary edema, HF
What is the pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension? - ANS--walls of pulmonary
vessels thicken from an increase in the muscle
-becomes fibrotic
-sustained pulmonary HTN results in formation of a network of blood vessels (plexiform)
that impede blood flow
Treatment for pulmonary HTN - ANS--supplemental O2
-vasodilators
-diuretics
-heart/lung transplant
-surgery if left to right shunt causing increased work for R ventricle
How doe HTN progress to Cor Pulmonale? - ANS--Consequence of HF but more so
from pulmonary HTN
-*Eventually Cor Pulmonale and right ventricular failure will develop if severe pulmonary
HTN continues b/c of persistent back pressure to the right sided HF*
What causes pulmonary vasoconstriction? - ANS-hypercapnia, hypoxia, acidemia,
increased H+ concentration
-not enough O2 getting into lungs so heart work load increases
-vasoconstriction causes increase in resistance/afterload which causes Cor Pulmonale
(right sided HF)
What is Cor Pulmonale aka right sided HF? - ANS-an enlargement of the right ventricle
due to high blood pressure in the lungs caused by chronic lung disease
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller denicetho. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for £7.16. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
75632 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy revision notes and other study material for 14 years now