GNUR 293 Exam 2
The only volatile acid in the body? Where is it excreted? - ANS-Carbonic Acid
Excreted by the lungs
What acids in the body are nonvolatile? - ANS-Bicarbonate acids
compensation - ANS-the respiratory response to any imbalance of acid except carbonic
acid
hypoventilation - ANS-the compensatory response to a deficit of any acid except
carbonic acid
What happens to the body when nonvolatile acids accumulate in the blood? -
ANS-hyperventilation occurs to remove carbonic acids from the blood, this keeps pH
from dropping too low.
lines of defense, first to last, to maintain homeostasis - ANS-1. acid-base buffers
2. respiratory system
3. Renal system
How does the respiratory system maintain homeostasis & blood pH? - ANS-(if you hold
onto too much CO2, it increases carbonic acid in body)
-controls CO2: if there is too much, you will hyperventilate. if too little, hypoventilate.
-responds within hours/minutes to changes in acid/base
-not as efficient as the renal compensatory mechanism, but important to maintain
acid/base balance
-if you breathe too much carbonic acid, you become alkalotic
-holding onto carbonic acid makes is acidosis
How does the renal system maintain homeostasis and blood pH? - ANS--can excrete
any acid except carbonic acid
-can correct acid or alkaline by retaining or excreting acid or base
Relationship to balance bicarbonate and carbonic acid - ANS--ratio of 1:20
-if there is too much acid, bicarbonate ions will take hydrogen ions released by the acid
and become carbonic acid to be released as C)2 by the lungs.
-If you are alkaline, the bicarbonate buffer releases hydrogen ions from the weak acid to
increase pH.
, acidosis - ANS-presence of a condition that tends to decrease the pH of the blood
below normal, making the blood more acidic
alkalosis - ANS-presence of any factor that tends to increase the pH of the blood above
normal, making the blood more alkaline
respiratory alkalosis - ANS--carbonic acid deficit
-blood is too alkaline
-caused by hyperventilation
-compensation rarely occurs
- accompanies hyperventilation, anxiety, pain, fever, hypoxemia
respiratory acidosis - ANS--carbonic acid excess
-caused by factors that impair excretion of carbonic acid like impaired gas exchange,
inadequate neuromuscular function and impairment of the respiratory control
mechanism
-compensation: kidneys conserve bicarbonate and secrete H ions into urine
-accompanied by: hypoventilation, inadequate chest expansion, airway obstruction,
capillary exchange impairment and respiratory failure
metabolic alkalosis - ANS--bicarbonate excess; deficit of any acid except carbonic acid
-decreased acid or increase base (or both)
-caused by hypokalemia: shifts hydrogen into cells and increases renal excretion of
acids
-compensation: decreased respiration to increase CO2 and renal excretion of
bicarbonate
-excess bicarbonate may be from: prolonged vomiting, prolonged diuretic therapy,
massive blood transfusion, hyperaldosteronism, antacid abuse
metabolic acidosis - ANS--bicarbonate deficit, excess of any acid except carbonic acid
-increased acid or decreased base (or both)
-can caused by too little extracellular fluid
-compensation: increased CO2 excretion by lungs, kussmaul respirations (deep and
rapid), kidneys excreting acid
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