Exam (elaborations)
HIST 421-Final Exam
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- AE 421 - Week 2
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- AE 421 - Week 2
Exam of 38 pages for the course AE 421 - Week 2 at AE 421 - Week 2 (HIST 421-Final Exam)
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HIST 421-Final ExamAncient Greek Science - ANS-Also known as the "Ionian Enlightenment", Overall a
period in Greece of a different type of thinking about things, a time of Philosophy and
science when many theories about the earth and life were developed taking place
around the 6th and 5th Centuries "The Rational Revolution"
Many things come from this period, including:
-Herodotus who brings a more scientific approach to stufying and observing history
-Democritus, who believed everything around us was composed of tiny little atoms and
that you could only grind things down so small thus developing the Atomic Theory
-Eratosthenes, who was an astronomer, historian, artists, mathematician
>Also the chief librarian at the Library of Aleander
>Discovered the earth was round and also calculated the circumference of the Earth
How did the nomadic peoples of the Central Asian Steppe serve as agents of change
during the course of world history? - ANS-There have been many nomadic people
empires that have come from the central Asian steppe most notably/the ones we
discussed in class are the Xiongnu, The Huns, and the Mongols all of which served as
agents of drastic change during the course of world history.
-For starters, the Xiongnu had been terrorizing China for centuries however not really
effecting the course of world history. It is only when the Xiongnu conquer China in
200BCE do they become a prominent piece of the puzzle that is world history. After 65
years of the Xiongnu ruling over the Chinese (Han Dynasty) they are finally expelled
from not only China (by Emperor Wu) but also there native region north of China. This
expulsion forces the Xiongnu to leave the region and because of this, China/The East is
then able to access Eastern Europe and thus a trade route is established known as the
Silk road. For the first time in history, the east and west are connected through trade via
the Silk Road and this is only able to happen because the Xiongnu are expelled from
the region.
-Another prominent Central Asian Steppe people, The Huns who actually most likely
came from the Xiongnu after they were expelled from China, are also an important
agent of change during the course of world history. After the Huns fail in their attacks
against China, they come through Asia and head west hitting eastern Europe and thus
begin to effect the Roman Empire. This in turn was the reason the Roman empire had
to split in half having a capital and an emperor in both the east and the west. So the
west (Rome) could deal with the Germans and the East (Constantinople) could fight the
Huns. The Huns/Atilla the Hun are repelled from Rome (in 451BCE) but they cause
serious damage to the point the Germans are able to go in and take over a couple years
later. Thus the Huns are the reasons Cons
,Alexander the Great - ANS--Born in Macedonia: North of Greece 80 years after the
Peloponnesian war (and Greece had weekend itself)
-After his father Phillip II dies, Alexander takes over:
>Athens and Thebes form a revolt because they thought they could take advantage of
their ruler dying
>He destroys them and puts down the revolt
-He takes over his father (Phillip II) dies,
-Athens and Thebes revolt and he destroys them
-All of Greexe joins him when he first invades into Turkey
-The Persians send and army and meet him at the Granagis
Battle of Graicus
-334 BCE
-Alexander has an army of 30,000 infantry soldiers (Phalanx) and 5,000 Cavalry
-The Perians have twice the size of his army
-When they meet its very rainy and Alex's commanders say it's a bad idea, he doesn't
not listen and proceeds to climb through the mud to the Persians high ground leading
his army.
>The Persians are caught so off guard and are completely destroyed
>Alex killed two Persian commanders and apparently only lost 34 troops to the 25,000
Persian casualties
-Darius III hears of this and gathers a massive army:
>250,000-600,000 troops to halt Alex's advance and they meet at the bottom of Asia
minor which leads to the Battle of Issus 333 BCE
Battle of Issus 333 BCE
-Darius III even brings his family to watch due to his arrogance
-Darius III hears of Alexander's success at the Battle of Graicus and gathers a massive
army:
>250,000-600,000 troops to halt Alex's advance and they meet at the bottom of Asia
minor which leads to the Battle of Issus 333 BCE
-Alex charges across a river and smashed into the Persian Empire and destroys enemy
troops
-Alex turns for Darius III who flees, Alex chases him and is able to capture his family
and treats them very well like royalty
-He then gets a letter from Darius saying "Lets let bigones be bigones, we can have an
alliance I just want
,Philip of Macedon - ANS--Very strong leader
-Set about order to his country and organized it
making it a world power
-Made expeditions to neighboring barbarians and made treaties through marital
alliances
-Had great military tactics involving the Macedonian phalanx but more importantly the
Sarissas:
>Soldiers equipped with 16-20 foot long spears and the front 3-4 rows held their spears
straight out in an overlapping formation, while the soldiers in the back held their spears
up in the air to deflect incoming arrows
-Very brave and would fight with his own troops to the point he actually got hit in the eye
and even kept on fighting
Conquests:
-Thrace had Gold mines so he came in with his military and took it over and took their
gold
>He implemented a tremendous road network that had fortresses for protection against
various peoples especially the barbarians
>He made peace with most of the barbarians through marriages
-He then defeated Athens and Thrace when they formed an alliance in 338 (it was too
late and his army was too well trained)
-He begins to invade Persians
>The Greeks fighting along with him
>He then dies in battle (Alexander takes over)
>Greece revolts
Darius III - ANS--Persian king who lost his empire to Alexander the Great.
-Darius III (c. 380 - July 330 BC), originally named Artashata and called Codomannus
by the Greeks,[1] was the last king of the Achaemenid Empire of Persia, from 336 BC to
330 BC. Artashata adopted Darius as a dynastic name.[1]
-His empire was unstable, with large portions governed by jealous and unreliable
satraps and inhabited by disaffected and rebellious subjects.
-In 334 BC, Alexander the Great began his invasion of the Persian Empire and
subsequently defeated the Persians in a number of battles before looting and destroying
their capital, Persepolis, by fire in 330 BC. With the Persian Empire now effectively
under Alexander's control, Alexander then decided to pursue Darius. Before Alexander
reached him, however, Darius was killed by his cousin Satrap Bessus.
, Chandragupta - ANS--Takes advantage of the Cahos coming from the split of
Alexander's Empire and forms Indian Empir e
-Fights on of Alex's generls, Seleuces and defeats him, after which they make an
alliance
-He expands his kingdom and impresses the Greeks
-He then retires to Jainism which is a passified religion and thus he puts fighting aside
and his grandson takes over...
Brahmins - ANS--Priests, at the top of the caste system which the Aryans made
-They were very rich in Vedic India for they had a monopoly on Sacrifices because they
were the only ones who could perform them
-They began abusing the Commoners, mainly the Untouchables who came into the
picture around 500 BCE
>This lead to a cultural shift away from this caste system in which the Brahmins ruled
the show and all those below them suffered
>Jainism, implemented by the Ascetics took off and the people gravitated towards it
despite the Brahmins for it offered salvation to all not just the highest castes'
Buddhism - ANS-Buddha:
-Means "Enlightened One"
-He was a prince who partied all the time had sex all the time and over indulged
-But he soon saw all the suffering in the world and decided to leave his life of ease and
pleasure:
>He entered the woods, leaving his family, in orer to find a way to fix human suffering
and tried to become enlightened
-He almost diedd of starvation trying to find secret
-The secret was...
The Four Noble Truths:
1. Suffering happens all the time because people always want more or something better
than what we have
2. Because we dont have what we want we suffer and feel upset
3. If we accept what we have and stop wanting more we will become happy
4. Following the Noble Eightfold path will help achieve this
Teachings of the Buddha - ANS-
Mauryan Empire - ANS-
Ashoka - ANS-
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