BMSC 210 Midterm 1 Study Guide 100% Correct Answers Verified Latest 2024 Version
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BMSC 210 Midterm 1 Study Guide | 100% Correct
Answers | Verified | Latest 2024 Version
What are properties of all cells? -
Growth
Metabolism
Evolution
LUCA - Last universal common ancestor
How do we decide how the phylogenetic tree is drawn? - Use ribosomes. All organisms have it and it
ha...
BMSC 210 Midterm 1 Study Guide | 100% Correct
Answers | Verified | Latest 2024 Version
What are properties of all cells? - ✔✔
Growth
Metabolism
Evolution
LUCA - ✔✔Last universal common ancestor
How do we decide how the phylogenetic tree is drawn? - ✔✔Use ribosomes. All organisms have it and it
has been the same for billions of years
What are the domains? - ✔✔
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
What defines the domains of cells? - ✔✔Their rRNA sequencing
What domains are most closely related? - ✔✔Archaea and eukarya
What emerged from Archaea? - ✔✔Eukarya
How do we know kw when oxygen appeared in our biosphere? - ✔✔Reduced iron deposits coating the
bottom of ancient oceans
Who invented microscopes? - ✔✔Robert hooke
,What are Robert Koch's postulates on infectious disease? - ✔✔1. The microorganism or other pathogen
must be present in all cases of the disease
2. The pathogen can be isolated from the disease Nederland host and grow in a pure culture
3. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when inoculated into a healthy,
susceptible lab animal
4. The pathogen must be resonated from the new host and shown to be the same as the originally
inoculated pathogen
Why is staining important in microscopy? - ✔✔Increases contrast
Resolution - ✔✔The ability to distinguish two adjacent objects as separate and distinct
How is resolution determined? - ✔✔Determined by the wavelength of light used and numerical aperture
of lens. Shorter wavelength= better resolution. Higher numerical aperture = better resolution
What is the limit of resolution for a light microscope? - ✔✔0.2 um
What happens when we reach the limit of resolution? - ✔✔Further magnification doesn't provide any
additional detail
Light microscopy - ✔✔Uses visible light to illuminate cells
Types of light microscopy - ✔✔Bright field
Phase contrast
Dark field
Flourescence
, Bright field microscopy - ✔✔Specimens visible because of differences in contrast (density) between
specimen and surroundings.
Total magnification = objective lens magnification x ocular lens magnification
Max mag is 2000x
Why is oil used in microscopy? - ✔✔Stops refraction
Phase contrast microscopy - ✔✔Phase ring amplifies differences in refractive index of cell and
surroundings.
Doesn't need stain, allows live samples
Image is dark cells on light background. Kind of looks like light field but more 3D and has glow around it
Dark field microscopy - ✔✔Light reaches specimen from sides and is scattered by specimen.
Image appears light on dark background. Good for observing motility
Flourescence microscopy - ✔✔Used in microbial ecology for enumerating bacteria
Uses stains which target DNA
Differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy - ✔✔Uses 2 beams of light to visualize 3D images of
endospores, vacuoles and granules that wouldn't be visible using bright field
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) - ✔✔A tiny stylus is placed close to the specimen and measures weak
repulsive forces between it and specimen. Computer generates an image based on this
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