VBSC 421 Lab Exam 2 (#8 anatomy,
locomotion, and cranial kinesis)
Aquatic - ANS-specialized to live in water
Terrestrial - ANS-locomotion on land
cursorial - ANS-specialized for rapid running; cheetah, ostrich, horse, fox; maximize
speed via stride length and stride rate
arboreal - ANS-locomotion through trees
brachiation - ANS-locomotion by arm swings under branches of trees (a form of
arboreal locomotion); gibbons
fossorial - ANS-specialized for digging or burrowing; subterranean animals; lengthened
elbow and large olecranon process where triceps muscle attaches
saltatorial - ANS-specialized for hopping or jumping; kangaroo and frogs; speed and
agility; lengthening of hind limbs, long tails, spinal fusion, rigid central axis, fused
radioulna and fused tibiofibula
aerial - ANS-specialized for flying; upward propulsion, light weight, fusion of thoracic
vertebrae, synsacrum, pelvis fused to synasacrum, furcula, automatic mechanisms,
efficient metabolism
propulsion - ANS-able to propel itself through water
drag - ANS-resistance to motion that water exerts on an object
streamlining - ANS-long and slender body; absence of functional neck; elimination or
reduction of projections
fish pectoral girdle - ANS-attached to the skull via the supracleithrum to the
posttemporal bone
lepidotrichs - ANS-bony fin rays
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