NR 565 Midterm
- correct answer-Dopamine
- correct answer-Epinephrine
- correct answer-Norepinephrine
• - correct answer-Changes in activity can occur by:
According to out text and U.S office of Minority Healthy, what are reasons for poor health
outcome among African American? - correct answer-Chapter 7 in our text discusses many
recognized health disparities in the United States. According to U.S. Department of Health
and Human Services Office of Minority Health (2019) African Americans have a higher death
rate than whites for "heart disease, stroke, cancer, asthma, influenza and pneumonia,
diabetes, HIV/AIDS, and homicide (para. 5). Some of the disparities observed among African
Americans in this country are a lower level of education, higher unemployment rates, lower
income levels, having more hazardous occupations, family dynamics, less
employee-sponsored health insurance, and lower immunization rates (Woo & Robinson,
2016). These things can lead to a lack and/or understanding of available resources for this
minority group. Their health outcomes are poorer due to not seeing a health care provider
regularly and not receiving proper care to prevent disease and health conditions. It is
important for the nurse practitioner to be aware of health disparities for different groups that
they will be treating. By understanding barriers to people receiving the care they need and
deserve, we can help to reduce and hopefully someday eliminate these disparities.
Another concern of BBs is - correct answer-risk of bronchospasm
Another example would be naltrexone. This medication is used in patients that want to not
relapse in heroin or opioid usage. The medication blocks the receptors for the opioids and
does not allow the drugs to connect to the receptors. The problem with this is that it can
cause an overdose if there is a relapse (Pharmacological Treatment | Medication Assisted
Recovery, n.d.). - correct answer-
Can you describe how new drugs are developed from the text? - correct answer-New drugs
are developed by researches in a lab first by looking into disease processes and the
medications that are used to help treat these disease processes. After looking at the
medications to help treat disease better, researches look into how to make the medications
be more effective with less toxicity or 'side effects'. in order to do this, researchers start
preclinical research. During this phase researchers look into whether the drug is going to kill
people or cause serious harm to people. then they go into the clinical phase. The clinical
phase is where they use the preclinical phase data and come up with human research
subjects. These usually consist of two groups (one getting the new medication and one
getting a 'fake' medication (placebo). Then this leads to step 4 the FDA drug review where
they come up with labels, safety updates, etc. Then they move on to the post market
, monitoring where they actually pay attention to the way the medication is being used and
what for. (US Food and Drug Administration, 2018)
Considering ACEIs: what labs require monitoring? What can happen to potassium levels?
Are they safe for young women who could be pregnant? - correct answer-ACE inhibitors
require practitioners to monitor comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) or basic metabolic
panel (BMP) because this medication causes the body to "potentially retain potassium and
impair kidneys if used incorrectly" (Raebel, et al., 2007). In pregnant patient it is a category C
in the first trimester and D in the following trimesters. According to the Center for Drug Policy
(2006) it is only recommended to take this medication while pregnant if the benefit outweighs
the risk to the infant.
Explain the significance of a drug being an inhibitor of P-glycoprotein? (see text) - correct
answer-P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is the main barrier of the body and it affects the proper delivery
of drugs and causes drug resistance in our body. P-gp is an efflux membrane transporter,
that can be found throughout the body and it controls the cellular uptake and the distribution
of synthetic substances, chemicals, and toxins. Drugs are chemicals and P-gp hinders the
absorption, permeability, and retention of the drugs, extruding them out of the cells. This
adversely affects drug therapies and fails to yield good results, for example in therapies like
using chemo agents in cancer treatments. In this case, proper inhibition of P-gp is important
to increase cellular uptake, transport, and half-lives of drugs. The drug is an inhibitor of P-gp
that would help in the cost-effective treatment for disease conditions without wasting an
extra amount of medicines. It will help to shorten the treatment time and speedy recovery of
the patient (Abebe et al., 2019; Woo & Robinson, 2016).
Explain what it means if a drug is an antagonist? - correct answer-An antagonist according
to our text is a drug that takes over a receptor without stimulating that receptor. We see the
medication blocking the response of an agonist to that receptor. Such as seen in a
beta-blocker keeping the adrenergic nerve activity from increasing the heart rate and
therefore able to help decrease the heart rate of the patient taking the medication.
Antagonists can make the agonist appear less potent. The effect of the antagonist depends
on that of the affinity for the receptor and the blood levels noted in the patient (Woo RN PhD
ARNP CPNP-PC CNL FAANP, Teri Moser et al., 2015).
G-Protien coupled receptors and how they interact with drugs - correct answer-G-protein
coupled receptors (GPCR) interact with drugs through 7 regions of proteins that span and
innervate the cell membrane and trap the molecule into the receptor site like an interwoven
basket (Insel & Sriram, 2018). Drugs can then enter this space and interact with the GRCP.
A specific interaction and binding with a site on one or more of the regions of proteins within
the GPCR, and drugs bound with the GRCP can stimulate the release of G proteins that can
interact with various effector proteins to create physiological responses within the body (Insel
& Sriram, 2018). This process occurs through secondary messengers (such as cAMP) which
creates the extracellular interactions produced by the drug binding to the GRCP.
In patients with renal impairment, what beta blockers require dosage adjustment? - correct
answer-Several beta blockers (acebutolol, atenolol, nadolol, and nebivolol) require dosage
adjustment in patients with renal impairment.
