Exam (elaborations)
Maternal-Newborn & Women's Health
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- IB GLOBAL POLITICS - CASE STUDIES
Maternal-Newborn & Women's Health
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Maternal-Newborn & Women's HealthThe maturing child's hypothalamus gradually increases production of GnRH beginning -
ANS-age 9 to 12 years
Hormonal changes of puberty begin - ANS-about 6 months to 1 year earlier in girls than
in boy
hanges of puberty in girls, such as breast development and height increase, begin an
average of 2 years before changes in boys
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone - ANS-Produced by
Hypothalamus
Target Organs
Anterior pituitary
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
Action in Female - ANS-Stimulates release of FSH* and LH, initiating puberty and
sustaining female reproductive cycles; release is pulsatile.
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
Action in Male - ANS-Stimulates release of FSH and LH, initiating puberty; release is
pulsatile.
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone - ANS-Produced by
Anterior pituitary
Target Organs
Ovaries (female)
Testes (male)
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Action in Female - ANS-Stimulates final maturation of
follicle.
Stimulates growth and maturation of graafian follicles before ovulation.
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Action in Male - ANS-Stimulates Leydig cells of testes to
secrete testosterone.
Luteinizing Hormone - ANS-Produced by
,Anterior pituitary
Target Organs
Ovaries (female)
Testes (male)
Luteinizing Hormone Action in Female - ANS-Stimulates final maturation of follicle.
Surge of LH about 14 days before next menstrual period causes ovulation.
Stimulates transformation of graafian follicle into corpus luteum, which continues
secretion of estrogens and progesterone for about 12 days if ovum is not fertilized. If
fertilization occurs, placenta gradually assumes this function.
Luteinizing Hormone Action in Male - ANS-Stimulates Leydig cells of testes to secrete
testosterone.
Estrogens - ANS-Produced by
Ovaries and corpus luteum (female)
Placenta (pregnancy)
Formed in small quantities from testosterone in Sertoli cells of testes (male); other
tissues, especially liver, produce estrogen in male
Target Organs
Internal and external reproductive organs
Breasts (female)
Testes (male)
Estrogens Action in Female - ANS-Reproductive organs:
a.Maturation at puberty
b.Stimulation of endometrium before ovulation
breasts: induce growth of glandular and ductal tissue; initiate deposition of fat at
puberty.
Stimulate growth of long bones but cause closure of epiphyses, limiting mature height.
Pregnancy: stimulate growth of uterus, breast tissue; inhibit active milk production; relax
pelvic ligaments.
Estrogens Action in Male - ANS-Necessary for nor
,Breasts: induce growth of glandular and ductal tissue; initiate deposition of fat at
puberty.
Stimulate growth of long bones but cause closure of epiphyses, limiting mature height.
Pregnancy: stimulate growth of uterus, breast tissue; inhibit active milk production; relax
pelvic ligaments.mal sperm formation.
Progesterone - ANS-Produced by
Ovary, corpus luteum, placenta
Target Organs
Uterus, female breasts
Progesterone Action in Female - ANS-Stimulates secretion of endometrial glands;
causes endometrial vessels to become dilated and tortuous in preparation for possible
embryo implantation.
Pregnancy: induces growth of cells of fallopian tubes and uterine lining to nourish
embryo; decreases contractions of uterus; prepares breasts for lactation but inhibits
prolactin secretion.
Prolactin - ANS-Produced by
Anterior pituitary
Target Organs
female breasts
Prolactin Action in Female - ANS-Stimulates secretion of milk (lactogenesis); estrogen
and progesterone from placenta have an inhibiting effect on milk production until after
placenta is expelled at birth; suckling of newborn stimulates prolactin secretion to
maintain milk production.
Oxytocin - ANS-Produced by
Posterior pituitary
Target Organs
Uterus, female breasts
, Oxytocin Action in Female - ANS-Uterus: stimulates contractions during birth and
stimulates postpartum contractions to compress uterine vessels and control bleeding.
Stimulates let-down, or milk-ejection reflex, during breastfeeding.
Testosterone - ANS-Produced by
Adrenal glands (female)
Ovaries (female)
Target Organs
Sexual organs (male)
Male body conformation after puberty
Testosterone Action in Female - ANS-Small quantities of androgenic (masculinizing)
hormones from adrenal glands cause growth of pubic and axillary hair at puberty; most
androgens, such as testosterone, are converted to estrogen.
Testosterone Action in Male - ANS-Induces development of male sex organs in fetus.
Induces growth and division of cells that mature sperm.
Induces development of male secondary sex characteristics.
Female Puberty Changes - ANS-As girls mature, the anterior pituitary gland secretes
increasing amounts of FSH and LH in response to the hypothalamic secretion of GnRH.
These two pituitary secretions stimulate secretion of estrogens and progesterone by the
ovary, resulting in maturation of the reproductive organs and breasts and development
of secondary sex characteristics. The first noticeable change of puberty in girls,
development of the breasts, begins at about 8 to 13 years of age. Menstruation occurs
about 2 to 2.5 years after breast development, with an average age range of 9 to 16
years
Female Puberty Changes Breast Changes. - ANS-Initially, the nipple enlarges and
protrudes. The areola surrounding the nipple enlarges and becomes somewhat
protuberant, although less so than the nipple. These changes are followed by growth of
the glandular and ductal tissue. Fat is deposited in the breasts to give them the
characteristic rounded female appearance. During puberty a girl's breasts often develop
at different rates, resulting in a lopsided appearance until one breast catches up with the
other.
Female Puberty Changes Body Contours. - ANS-The pelvis widens and assumes a
rounded, basinlike shape that favors passage of the fetus during childbirth. Fat is
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