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Summary GCSE Biology AQA notes - for topic 1-4 £5.94   Add to cart

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Summary GCSE Biology AQA notes - for topic 1-4

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GCSE Biology AQA Complete Revision Notes Master your GCSE Biology with these comprehensive, exam-focused AQA revision notes. Covering all the essential topics, these notes provide clear, concise summaries to help you succeed: Leaf and Plant Structure: In-depth explanations of plant anatomy an...

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  • June 18, 2024
  • 15
  • 2023/2024
  • Summary
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allegra1010
BiologyNotes

ukaryoticcellsarecomplexandincludeallplantandanimalcellsEukaryotes
are organismsthataremadeupofeukaryoticcells
Prokaryoticcellsaresmaller andsimpler egbacteriaAprokaryoteis aprokaryoticcell singlecelled


nimalcell
Vadeus containsgeneticmaterialthatcontrolstheactivitiesofthecell

Cytoplasm gellikesubstancewheremostofthechemicalreactionshappenTheenzymescontrolthereaction
radioed


f
th
ia.ipqgia.name
Mitochondria thesearewheremost

transgers
energythattheweneedtowork
Sibosomes these
of thereactionsforaerobicrespirationtakeplaceRespiration

arewhereproteinsaremadeinthecell
ara.ot


oas. r
Slantcell


ᵗᵈ
lhÑ That Isp TÉÉÉÉ É
dddd
dWÉ
ÉÉ idd.sk
soe
n u
shgÉÉ
chloroplasts thesearewherephotosynthesisoccurswhich substancecalledchlorophyll
of
makes a
ifeng.ae green
go.gggg.gg
Whichabsorbsthe
lightneededfor
photosythesis

O
rosette o

µ
ftp.TNAR

0
teaspoon




Bacterialcell
Umembrane
wall cytoplasm
cell



0H
Bacterialcellsdon't
haveatruenucleusinsteadthey
haveasinglecircularstrandofDNAthatfloatsfreely

1 inthecytoplasm
The If In Icalled
plasmid

,LETTIE
theabilitytodistinguishbetweentwopointssoahigherresolutiongivesasharperimage


image

agnification images c
magnification real
size


Scanningelectronmicroscopehelps
youtosee
ribosomes




Onion periment

1 ddadropofwatertothemiddleortheslide
2Usetweezerstopeeloftheepidermaltissueoranonionandplaceontheslide
3 ddadropofiodinesolutiontohighlightobjectsinacell addingcolourtothemstain
by
4Putacoverslipontop
5cliptheslidethenselectthelowestpoweredobjectivelensthisissoyoucanseemorecells
6UsethecoarseadjustmentknobtomovethestageupherAdjustthefocuswiththesineadjustmentknob


CellDiggerentition
Disserentition
istheprocessbywhichacellchangestobecomespecialisedforitsjob
Ascellschangetheydevelop d iggerentsubcellularstructuresandturn
intodifferenttypesofcellsThisallowsthemtohavespecificfunctions

abilitytodifferentiateislostatanearlystageand
ostdifferentitionoccursasanorganismdevelopsnmostanimalcellsthe becomespecialisedbut
lots plantcells
of
don't losethisability
ever
iiheiiiiiiii
ii
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii.io




5mecellsareundifferentiatedcells they cells
calledstem
are

cell
undifferentiated white
differentiated cell
blood




cells
Specialised




ÉÉffethemale tothefemale thasalongtailanda streamlinedheadtohelpitswimtothe
egg
herearealot
him
the
trocondriain celltoprovidetheenergyneeded talsocarriesenzymesinitsheadtodigestthroughtheeggcellmembrane

, errecellsarespecilisedgorrapidsignallingummmun



Md
NÉÉ d

attheir
connections toother
endstoconnect ausandformanetworkthroughoutthebody
nerve
p.jp




i
hefunctionofamusclealeistocontractquicklythesecellsarelongcsotheyhavespacetocontractsandcontainlotsofmitochondriato generate




ÉÉÉÉÉÉ
jjÉÉ

ohemandgumcellsformonto
to
i
emandgum
tubeswhich
t ransportsubstancessuch and thetubes
phloem xylem asgood aroundplants oform
water
go gq

throughthem
flow


Stem
cells

Undifferentiatedcellscalledstem
cellscandivide produce to lotsmoreundifferentiatedcellshey
candiggerentiateintodiggerenttypesorcelldependingon
whatinstructionsthey'regiven

inearly
stemcellsaresound human have
e mbryoshey potentialto
turnintoany f atall
ocell
type
dultsalso
have but
cells
stem only undncertain
are likebonemarrowunlikeembryonicstem
they go places

turn
cellstheycan't into typeatallonly
anycell blood
onessuchas
certain cells

cellsfrom
stem and
embryos bone begrowninacabtoproduceonescgeneticallyidenticalcellsand
m arrowcan intospecialisedcellstouseinmedicine
madetodiggerentiate

orresearch

seabed tocwediseases
usesadult
Medicinealready stemcellsto aredisease orexamplestemcells thebonemarroworahealthypersoncanreplacefaultyblood
from
transferred cells

cells
stem
mbryonic could
also beusedtoreplacesanitycellsinsickpeopletheyuseinsulinproducingcellsforpeoplewithdiabetesnervecellsforpeopleparalysedby
spinal stem
injuries cells inthe
grown labmaybecomecontaminatedwithaviruswhich bepassedontothepatient
could

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