HMX biochemistry
activation energy - Answer- energy needed to get a reaction started
Delta G (change in G - change in free energy) - Answer- respresented in a reaction coordinate diagram. Positive is thermodynamically unfavorable. Negative is thermodynamically favorable (exergonic - release e...
HMX biochemistry
activation energy - Answer- energy needed to get a reaction started
Delta G (change in G - change in free energy) - Answer- respresented in a reaction
coordinate diagram. Positive is thermodynamically unfavorable. Negative is
thermodynamically favorable (exergonic - release energy). = G(products) -
G(reactants)
enzyme inhibition - Answer- results in decrease in activity of that enzyme, reaising
activation enregy of reaction it catalyzes
enzyme activation - Answer- results in increase in activity of that enzyme, lowering
activation energy of reaction it catalyzes
equilibrium - Answer- when rate of forward and reverse reactions are same.
Concentration of products and reactants don't change appreciably over time but
reaction is going. On average, same # of A + B reactions and C splitting reactions
occurring a given period of time
Gibbs' Free Energy (G) - Answer- property of a molecule that reflects its capacity to
do work. Determined by potential energy stored in chemical bonds and
concentration/physical parameters (temperature)
glycolysis - Answer- central pathway in breakdown of carbs for energy. Series of 10
reactions. 1 glucose --> 2 pyruvate. - change in G of whole pathway but some
reactions have positive change in G. Net formation of 2 ATP and 2 NADH for each
glucose
isomerization - Answer- one molecule is transformed into another molecule which
has exactly the same atoms, but atoms have a different arrangement. ABC --> BAC.
Chemical formula doesn't change but atoms are rearranged.
Kinase - Answer- enzymes that catalyze reactions in which a molecule is
phosphorylated. Ex. Hexokinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose.
Phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK-1) catalyzes phosphorylation of phosphofructose
(Fructose 6-phosphate)
Le Chatelier's principle - Answer- when a system is initially at equilibrium, then
perturbed away from equilibrium, it will counteract the perturbation to move back
towards equilibrium (change in G not equal to 0), either forward or reverse reaction is
more thermodynamically favorable. Low activation energy
negative feedback - Answer- results of some process serve to counteract that
process. maintains a variable in a narrow range at homeostasis.
, net reaction - Answer- sum total of all chemical changes that occur if molecules are
consumed in one reaction but produced in another in equal quantity, they aren't
included
phosphatase - Answer- enzymes that remove phosphates from molecules
products - Answer- substance formed as a result of chemical reaction. Right
reactants - Answer- starting materials for a reaction. Undergo a chemical change.
Left
reaction coordinate diagram - Answer- tells whether reaction is thermodynamically
favorable or unfavorable
adenosine diphosphate (ADP) - Answer- adenosine & 2 phosphate groups
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) - Answer- energy currency of life, high energy
molecule that stores energy we need to do anything. Universal unit of energy
exhange
glucose - Answer- simple sugar which is an important energy source in living
organisms. Component of many carbs. Reactant of glycolysis.
NAD+, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide - Answer- coenzyme in all living cells.
Required for fundamental biological processes. Oxidized form
NADH - Answer- reduced form. Shuttle for electrons during cellular respiration.
universal unit of energy exchange
Pyruvate - Answer- 2 formed by glycolysis. Inhibit/Regulate PFK-1
Dephosphorylation - Answer- phosphate group is remoed from molecule. Type of
hydrolysis reaction. Often bypass reactions for phosphorylation reactions
Hydrolysis - Answer- molecules split by reacting with water
phosphorylation - Answer- phosphate group is transferred from one molecule (often
ATP or another nucleotide triphosphate) to another. Reactions that use ATP for
energy. Chemical addition of phosphoryl group (PO3-) to an organic molecule
Regulation - Answer- activity of enzymes in biological pathways can be dialed up
and down, depending on requirements of cell
branch point - Answer- point in biochemical pathway where same molecule can be
converted into many other molecules, depending on what enzymes are present and
avtive in a cell
transition state - Answer- point at which reactants are in middle of breaking bonds
found in reactants while also forming new bonds in products. Very unstable.
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