Planned every possible question, both 12 and 30 marker
3 examples per point (at least) with synoptic links and analysis
Learn these and knowledge will not be a problem for your A Level!!
12 mark
Examine the tensions between the doctrine of responsibility to protect (R2P)
and state sovereignty
I- intervention as a preventative measure can threaten state sovereignty
D- centred on preventing mass atrocities
Involves external actors assessing
Interfere in a state’s affairs based on possibilities
E- The failure to prevent genocide in Rwanda resulting from sanctions
A- Reflects a theme: Yemen, Sri Lanka
Established a drive for R2P
Split lies between liberals and realists
I- Selective application of R2P threatens sovereignty
D- influenced by self-interests
Hobbes
Realist
Hypocrisy and double standards
E- 2011 Libya intervention against Gaddafi- NATO overstepped no-flight zone
The failure of the international community to intervene to protect the Rohingya in
Myanmar following the military coup
A- plays on world systems theory
In Libya, a lack of nation building which led to political instability could have been a
preservations of sovereignty
,Examine the tensions between human rights protection and sovereignty
I- humanitarian intervention threatens state sovereignty
D- realists argue states most important actors
Impedes on domestic policy and actions of government
E- e.g Kosovo 1999
E.g Afghanistan 2001
A- R2P
I- human rights courts impede
D- hyperglobalizers argue states no longer important
Courts play on soft power to undermine the actions of governments
E- e.g Kagame ‘anti-african bias’
E.g 2002 ICJ settled dispute between Nigeria and Cameroon over the ownership of
an oil-rich peninsula
A- human rights treaties are optional
US, China, Russia did not ratify to rome statute
,Examine the controversies surrounding humanitarian interventionism and the
state sovereignty
I- humanitarian intervention threatens state sovereignty
D- realists argue states most important actors
Impedes on domestic policy and actions of government
E- e.g Kosovo 1999
Putin described this as the turning point of his Anti- West sentiment
A- R2P
I- Humanitarian intervention often fails to realise the complexities of specific regions
D- often fuels anti-west sentiment
World systems theory would realise this as an exploitation
Interventions used as a symbol of hard power rather than humanitarian intentions
E- e.g Iraq 2003, failed to realise Hussein’s authority in addressing conflicts between
Sunni and Shi’a muslims
This led to civil war between minorities
Similar to Afghanistan 2001 where US underestimated Taliban and used it to assert
diplomatic authority
A- the Taliban were a militant regime and US tried to replace with Afghanistan
government, this would reinstate state sovereignty
, Examine the differences between Shallow and deep-green ecologists on
climate
I- Deep green ecologists reject anthropocentrism
D- both scientific and philosophical
Views all living things as equal
Believes it acceptable to approach it from benefits to humankind
E- deep greens promote national parks and conservatories e.g Costa Rica has left
53% forest cover
This act committed the UK government to achieve a number of targets in relation to reducing
the effects of climate change by 2050.
A- some dark greens would also reject anthropocentrism due to their roots in
marxism which believes in systemic equality
I- shallow ecologists believe in sustainable development
D- believe capitalism can occur sustainably - disagrees with dark green ecology
Intergenerational equity
Weak sustainability
E- The EU places quotas on the amount of fishing its members can do in order to sustain
populations of fish and prevent overfishing.
Fishing was an area of contention between EU and UK
A- dark greens again would argue that sustainability cannot occur under capitalist
system
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