PMB 2022 Exam 1 Study
Plant - ANS-A complex, multicellular, autotrophic organism generally well adapted to a
terrestrial existence.
Autotroph - ANS-An organism that makes its own food (organic
molecules) from inorganic molecules.
Heterotrophic - ANS-Organisms that obtain their nutrients or food from consuming other
organisms.
Three domains of life - ANS-Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Domain of plants and animals - ANS-Eukarya
Prokaryotes - ANS-Includes bacteria and archaea; cells with no nucleus
Eukaryotes - ANS-Organisms that have true nuclei (in a distinct
location) and membrane-bound organelles
Endosymbiosis - ANS-symbiosis in which one of the symbiotic organisms lives inside
the other. Chloroplasts and mitochondria originated through this.
Endosymbiotic theory - ANS-Suggests that eukaryotes evolved when different types of
free-living prokaryotes were incorporated inside larger later eukaryotic cells (engulfed
but not digested).
Order of evolutionary events - ANS-early prokaryotes (some had photosynthetic
chloroplasts and some had mitochondria) → early eukaryotes (with membrane-bound
DNA) → later eukaryotes (all have mitochondria but some have both mitochondria and
chloroplasts) → green algae →
land plants (land plants = plants that evolved once from a group of early green algae).
Unique to plant cells - ANS-Cell wall, large central vacuole, chloroplasts
Membranes - ANS-Selectively permeable
Cell wall - ANS-Main component is cellulose; covers the plasma membrane
, Cytoskeleton - ANS-Microtubules and microfibers are made of proteins that are the
scaffolding of the cell; guides movement of organelles, as seen in cytoplasmic
streaming
Vacuole - ANS-Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and
carbohydrates; gives plant structure
Chloroplast function - ANS-Site of photosynthesis
Chloroplast structure - ANS-Outer membrane, inner membrane, and thylakoid
membrane
Common features of chloroplasts and mitochondria - ANS-Semi-autonomous
organelles; both are the products of
endosymbiosis, both divide by fission (as in bacteria), both have circular chromosomal
DNA (as in bacteria), both are a similar size as bacteria, and both have bacteria-like
ribosomes but depend on the import of nuclear encoded proteins from the cell nucleus.
Plasmodesmata - ANS-Cellular connections in plants. The plasma membrane is
continuous through them, so are the cytoplasm and ER.
S phase of Interphase - ANS-DNA replication occurs
Endoreduplication - ANS-Increases amount of DNA per nucleus without increasing the
number of nuclei or number of cell.
Mitosis - ANS-Nuclear division
Cytokinesis - ANS-Division of the protoplast (entire cell)
Stages of Mitosis - ANS-Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Prophase - ANS-Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope disappears, spindle pole
develops, spindle microtubules (aka spindle fibers) attach to kinetochores of
chromosomes
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