COMD 5070 Final exam study guide
2 Tools for transfusing articulator movements - correct answer-1. Optotrak
2. Electromagnetic articulography
2 types of coarticulation - correct answer-Coarticulation: phoneme boundaries become
blurred.
• Phonemes can influence eachother
• Neighboring sounds affect their production
• Each segment has specifications: voiced, unvoiced or fricative/stop, etc.
-These may flavor their neighbor
-Ex: lip rounding: may influence a consonant next to a vowel
-Ex: velar lowering: occurs for production of nasals. Vowel may be influenced by nasal
consonants that surround it.
Anticipated/forward: earlier sound influenced by later sound.
-Ex: May notice lip rounding for /s/ in spoon. /oooo/ influences /s/.
• Retentive/backward: later sound influenced by earlier sound.
-Ex: /o/ in no is likely to be nasalized: the /n/ influences the /o/.
3 Types of Auditory Feedbacks: - correct answer-1. open-loop
2. closed-loop
3. Feedback in speaking
4 Types of prosody - correct answer-Prosody = intonation
1. linguistic prosody
2. pitch based
3. pause based
4. affective prosody
4 Ways to vary the sound source behavior: - correct answer-1. Loudness: to speak softly,
provide low pressure from lungs to larynx, so larynx doesn't abduct very tightly. More
pressure needed to speak loudly and bigger vocal fold movements.
2. Pitch: stretch vocal folds to increase tension: higher frequency (cricothyroid muscle)
3. Voice quality: make breathy or tight pressed voice by adjusting space between vocal folds
between arytenoids. Larger space = more escaped air = breathy sounding voice.
,4. Phonation vs whispering: in a whisper the vocal folds are not oscillating. In phonation,
vocal folds do vibrate
Acoustic features of stressed speech - correct answer-• Measure how long a given phoneme
lasts
-Consonant in isolation with a vowel is longest
ex: pie - /p/ longest duration
-Consonants clusters make that phoneme shorter in duration
• 2 consonant cluster - Original sound decreases in it's duration
ex: spy - /p/ duration is shorter
• 3 consonant cluster - original sound is even shorter
ex: spry - /p/ duration is shortest of all
-When a word is spoken with stress
• Amplitude/loudess is higher
• Frequency/pitch is higher
• Duration is longer
Acoustic goal - correct answer-Specifics of movement control are less important than the
acoustic/perceptual result
- motor equivalence allows flexibility
- more than one way to achieve the goal
Acoustic nasometer - correct answer-*Quantifies nasalance
• production of acoustic energy from nose relative to total from nose and mouth combined.
Aerodynamic Target - correct answer-- accurately manage pressure in vocal tract by
whatever means necessary.
-Right pressures and flows at right time/context allows accurate production of speech
- Speech sounds involve regulating pressure and flow
- Pressure stability relies on correct valving
(valves: larynx, velopharyngeal port)
Affective prosody - correct answer-• AKA emotional prosody
• Expression of anger, happiness, surprise in a person's voice
• You can tell how a person is feeling based on their voice
Aliasing - correct answer-• sampling too slowly will inaccurately record original signal
• causes you to miss what happens between samples
• high original frequencies will be improperly recorded as lower frequencies
• one is "alias" of other
Anti-Aliasing - correct answer-• Filtering before digitizing prevents aliasing
• Set filter to Nyquist frequency
• Frequencies above this are deleted
, • They cannot contaminate the recording
• Most modern recording systems do filtering automatically
Articulatory gesture - correct answer-- Specific movements that are made by the vocal tract
are the goal of the system.
- Work to make sure gestures/motions accurately produced.
- Vocal tract configurations correspond to sounds
- Movement patterns (constrictions w/articulators) stored in brain for retrieval and use
Band pass - correct answer-Filters out the high and low frequencies-->leaves a band in the
middle
Band Reject - correct answer-Filters out everything within the designated band-->allowing
higher and lower frequencies through.
Basics of Sound: - correct answer-1. Things that happen very frequently are higher in pitch
or events that happen quickly are higher frequency sounds. (This gets lost in recording made
at too low sample rate)
Result: YOU LOSE HIGH FREQUENCY sounds because they are MISREPRESENTED as
LOW FREQUENCY sounds!
2. Phenomena of higher frequency sounds misrepresented as lower frequency due to lower
sampling rate is known as ALIASING.
Result: true high frequency sound is not present within recording but a substitute low
frequency sound takes it's place and is an "alias" of true correct high frequency sound.
Calculating average air flow - correct answer-• divide: volume/time
• if 1 liter of air is used and phonation lasts for 5 seconds = average flow equals 1/5 liter per
second or 200 cc/second or 0.2 liters/second
(flow at a given instant may be different)
• some disorders have particularly high or low air flow
-vocal fold paralysis = elevated flow due to low resistance
Lower pressure for pulse register
Higher pressure for falsetto register
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