notes USABO
axon hillock - ANS-the cone-shaped area on the cell body from which the axon
originates
-trigger zone
hyperopia - ANS-A condition in which visual images come to a focus behind the retina
of the eye and vision is better for distant than for near objects -- called also
farsightedness.
axon hillock has high concentration of what voltage gated pumps - ANS-sodium and
potassium
how to calculate membrane potential - ANS-the outside of the neuron, the other side of
the membrane is always zero
ions inside neuron - ANS-K+, Na+ and proteins
Protein charge - ANS-The net charge of a protein decreases linearly with molecular
weight, with small proteins being mostly positively charged and large proteins negatively
charged.
Astrocytes - ANS-Star shapes neuron cells
Functions
1. Create blood barrier function and prevent diffusion and passage of pathogens in
vessels by using podocytes (foot like extensions)
2. Prevents hemmorage
3. Creates scarring in response to damage
4.lay in between neurons?
all clotting factors are made in the liver EXCEPT - ANS-Factor 8 and 4
Billrubin function - ANS-Just a waste product of atrophied rbc
But has some antioxidant effect
Shwann cells - ANS-Specialized cells that myelinate the fibers of neurons found in the
PNS.
One cell covers one part of the axon
,Microgila - ANS-Special whit blood cells in the CNS that eats debris, pathagens & dead
cells
gilal cells - ANS-cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons
Amyloid plaques - ANS-A characteristic of Alzheimer's disease fragments of the protein
beta-amyloid that accumulate into insoluble plaques that inhibit communication between
neurons
neurofibrillary tangles - ANS-spiral-shaped masses formed when fibers that compose
the axon become twisted together
pace maker cells - ANS-T type calcium channels are found in ________
Cells that maintain heart rate by intiating electric impulses through calcium channels.
Sinoatrial node is the primary pacemaker, the part of heart with most pacemaker cells
Conductive cells not contractile
The pacemaker cells are connected to neighboring contractile cells via gap junctions,
which enable them to locally depolarize adjacent cells. Gap junctions allow the passage
of positive cations from the depolarization of the pacemaker cell to adjacent contractile
cells.
afferent arteries of the right ventricle - ANS-Pulmonary artery
myosattelite cells - ANS-multipotent stem cells
contribute to hypertrophy of muscle
add myonuclei
increase cytoplasm by fusion
gila satelite cells - ANS--cover sympathetic and autonomic gilal
-regulate extracellular composition of gilal cells
-works similar to blood brain barrier; cannot pass large molecules
-GABA
carboxyl group - ANS-COOH
Amine - ANS-R-NH2
carbonyl group - ANS-C=O
Nucleosides consist of - ANS-sugar and nitrogenous base
, (no phosphate)
Na/K pump - ANS-3 Na out, 2 K in
what creates the -70 mV in neuron
what creates resting potential in neuron - ANS-leaky channels of sodium and potassium
na k pump
Cl- ions
Ions in Neurons - ANS-Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-
granulocytes and agranulocytes - ANS-two types of leukocytes
*What IgE-mediated cell secretes major basic protein and has elevated levels in the
blood during asthma and parasitic infections?
*What type of WBC is present in increased numbers during an allergic reaction? -
ANS-eosinophil
Eosinophils - ANS--bone marrow granulocyte
-fights EXTRACELLULAR parasites (helminths)
-abundant in immediate hypersensitivity and allergic reactions
basophil - ANS--circulating granulocyte
-similar to function and structure in mast cells
-release histamine
-recruited to sites of immediate hypersensitivity
monocyte - ANS--an agranulocytic leukocyte that performs phagocytosis to fight
infection
-precusor of macrophage
-differentiate into macrophage at inflammatory site
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