Exam (elaborations)
Ways of dealing with offending - AO1 + AO3Ways of dealing with offending - AO1 + AO3
- Module
- Gpstc Criminal Law.
- Institution
- Gpstc Criminal Law.
Ways of dealing with offending - AO1 + AO3
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Ways of dealing with offending - AO1 +AO3
Custodial sentencing - correct answer-A convicted offender spending time in a prison or
another closed institution such as a young offenders institute or a psychiatric hospital
- Custodial sentencing A03: Bartol (+ for psych effects, supporting evidence) - correct
answer-Suggested that imprisonment can be "brutal, demeaning and generally devastating".
In the last 20 years, suicide rates among offenders have tended to be around 15x higher
than those in the general population. Most at risk are young single men during the first 24h
of confinement.
- custodial sentencing A03: prison reform trust (+ for psych effects, supporting evidence) -
correct answer-2014, 25% of women and 15% of men in prison reported symptoms
indicative of psychosis. It would seem that the oppressive prison regime may trigger
psychological disorders in those that are vulnerable.
+ custodial sentencing A03: cant establish c+e between prison and psych effects (- for psych
effects) - correct answer-It cannot be assumed that all offenders will react the same way in
prison. Different prisons have different regimes, so there are likely to be wide variations in
experience. In addition, the length of sentence and reason for incarceration and prev.
Experience of prison may be mitigating factors. Many of those convicted may have had
pre-existing psychological and emotional difficulties at the time they were convicted.
+/- custodial sentencing A03: prison programmes - correct answer-The rehabilitation model
is based on the argument that offenders may become better people during their time in
prison, and their improved character means they are able to lead a crime free life when back
in society. Many prisoners have education and training whilst in prison increasing the
possibility they will find employment upon release. Treatment programmed like anger
management schemes and social skills training may give offenders insight into their
behaviour, reducing likelihood of recidivism.
However: many prisons lack the resources to provide such programmes and even when they
can, evidence to support long term benefits of such schemes isn't conclusive.
- custodial sentencing A03: schools of crime - correct answer-Prison may act as a university
of crime where incarceration with hardened criminals may give younger inmates in particular
the opportunity to learn the "tricks of the trade" from more experienced offenders
- custodial sentencing A03: Davies and Raymond alternatives - correct answer-In a review of
custodial sentencing they concluded that ministers often exaggerate prison benefits in order
to appear tough on crime. The review suggested that prison actually does little to deter
others or rehabilitate offenders. Alternatives like community service and restorative justice
have been proposed which means that family contacts and potentially employment can be
maintained.
, + custodial sentencing A03: general usefulness - correct answer-Provides justice, limits
danger to the public by removing the criminal, may reform them, and provides them with
skills and training. Also acts as a deterrent.
Behaviour modification in custody (token economy programmes) - correct
answer-Reinforcing desirable behaviour with a token that can be exchanged for some kind of
reward. Desirable behaviour within prison likely to include: avoiding conflict, following rules,
keeping cell orderly etc.
Prisoners are given a token each time they perform said behaviour. Tokens are secondary
reinforcers as they derive value from association with reward, and primary reinforcers are
the actua reward eg cigarettes, food, extra phone time, time outside.
It is made clear that non compliance may result in punishment or tokens and associated
privileges being removed, usually TEPs are compulsory.
Desirable behaviour is identified, broken down into small steps, and a baseline measure is
established. Everyone follows the same regime. The whole thing can be overseen by prison
officials who can manage its effectiveness.
- Hobbs & Holt: sample - correct answer-Androcentric
All 12-15
All committed different crimes (truancy v homicide)
- Hobbs & Holt: correlation doesnt = causation - correct answer-We cant be sure the
improvement in the boys behaviour was directly a result of the token economy programme,
for example it could've just been improvement due to the amount of time the boys had spent
in the institution.
- Hobbs & Holt: unethical - correct answer-Cigarettes as a reward
Time at home is positive and important for wellbeing, it shouldn't be used as a reward.
- behaviour modification A03: not everyone gets noticed - correct answer-If you have more
severe mental troubles, it is harder to get the tokens as it is harder for you to complete the
behaviours.
People who are consistently badly behaved will be noticed for good behaviour more easily,
and people who are consistently good will more often go unnoticed.
+/- behaviour modification A03: Cohen & Filipczak 1971 - correct answer-Demonstrated how
a TE group showed more desirable behaviour than a control group within an adult prison.
The offenders who took part in the programme were less likely to have reoffended two years
later
However- after 3 years recidivism rates went back to reflecting national statistics.
TEP not a long term working plan.
- behaviour modification A03: implementation (Basset & Blanchard 1977) - correct
answer-Found benefits were lost after they applied the techniques inconsistently due to
factors like lack of appropriate training of staff or high staff turnover.
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