Exam (elaborations)
Skin, Hair and Nails (Assessment).
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- Gpstc Criminal Law.
- Institution
- Gpstc Criminal Law.
Skin, Hair and Nails (Assessment).
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Skin, Hair and Nails (Assessment)Layers of the skin - correct answer-Epidermis, Dermis, Subcutaneous layer
Epidermis (structure) - correct answer--Stratum corneum (or horny cell layer)
-Stratum lucidum
-Stratum granulosum
-Stratum germinativum (or basal cell layer)
Epidermis (purpose) - correct answer--Derivation of skin color
The innermost layer of the epidermis (stratum germinativum) is the only layer that undergoes
cell division and contains melanin (brown pigment) and keratin-forming cells.
Dermis (structure) - correct answer-Well-vascularized, connective tissue layer containing
collagen and elastic fibers, nerve ending, and lymph vessels.
Dermis (purpose) - correct answer--Origin of sebaceous glands, sweat glands and hair
follicles.
Subcutaneous layer (structure) - correct answer-loose connective tissue containing blood
vessels, nerves, fat cells and remaining portions of sweat glands and hair follicles.
Subcutaneous layer (purpose) - correct answer-Stores fat as an energy reserve, provides
insulation to conserve internal body heat, contains vascular pathways for the supply of
nutrients and removal of waste products to and from the skin.
Epidermal appendages: - correct answer--Hair
-Sebaceous glands
-Sweat glands (Eccrine and apocrine)
-Nails
Sebaceous glands - correct answer--are attached to hair follicles, and therefore, are present
over most of the body, excluding the soles and palms.
-they secrete an oily substance called sebum that waterproofs the hair and skin.
Apocrine glands (sweat) - correct answer--associated with hair follicles in the axillae,
perineum, and areolae of the breasts.
-glands are small and nonfunctional until puberty, when they are activated and secrete milky
sweat. In women, this type of secretion is linked with the menstrual cycle.
Eccrine glands (sweat) - correct answer--located over the entire skin.
-primary function is secretion of sweat and thermoregulation, which is accomplished by
evaporation of sweat from the skin surface.
,Hair - correct answer--consists of layers of keratinized cells.
-develops within a sheath of epidermal cells called the hair follicle.
-growth occurs are base of the folic, where cells in the hair bulb are nourished by dermal
blood vessels.
-shaft is visible above skin; the hair root is surrounded by the hair follicle.
-attached to the follicle are the erector pili muscles, which contract in response to cold of
fright. This decreases skin surface area and causes hair to stand erect.
pg 240
Two general types of hair: - correct answer--vellus
-terminal
Vellus (hair) - correct answer-peach fuzz.
-short, pales, fine, and present over much of the body
Terminal (hair) - correct answer-particularly scalp and eyebrows.
-longer, generally darker, and coarser then vellus hair.
Puberty initiates the growth of additional terminal hair in both sexes on axillae, perineum and
legs
Nails - correct answer--Are hard, transparent plates of keratinized epidermal cells that grow
from the cuticle.
-The nail body extends over the entire nail bed and has a pink tinge as a result of blood
vessels underneath.
-The lunula is a crescent-shaped area location at the base of the nail. It is the visible aspect
of the nail matrix.
-Nails protect the distal ends of the fingers and toes, enhance precise movement of the digits
and allow for an extended precision grip.
pg 241
Risk factors for skin cancer - correct answer--Sun exposure
-Non-solar UV exposure
-Family history (especially malignant melanoma)
-Moles
-Pigmentation irregularities (albinism)
-Fair skin that freckles easily
-Light hair
-Age
-Male gender
-Chemical exposure
-HPV
-Alcohol intake
, -Smoking
(taken from lecture slides)
Teaching to reduce risk of skin cancer
(Prevention) - correct answer--Stay out of the sun
-Always use sun screen
-Long-sleeved shirts
-Wide brimmed hats
-Avoid sunburn
-Examine the skin monthly (pg 247)
-Have an annual skin cancer screening
(taken from lecture slides)
ABCDE Method - correct answer-A= Asymmetry (not round or oval
B= Border (Irregular)
C= Color (varies, with areas of brown, black, blue, red, white or combo)
D= Diameter (greater than 6mm- size of pencil eraser)
E= Elevation and Enlargement (size increases, lesion is raised)
Also any itching, burning, or bleeding of a mole.
What questions would you ask a client whose SKIN you were assessing? #1 - correct
answer-Are you experiencing any current skin problems such as rashes, lesion, dryness,
oiliness, drainage, bruising, swelling or changes in skin color?
What aggravates the problem?
What relieves it?
Rationale: Any of these symptoms may be related to a pathologic skin condition. Swelling,
bruises, welts, or burns may indicate accidents or trauma or abuse. If these injuries cannot
be explained or the client's explanation seems unbelievable or gauge, physical abuse should
be suspected. Dry, itchy skin; rashes; and drainage are common concerns with obese
clients.
(pg 241)
What questions would you ask a client whose SKIN you were assessing? #2 - correct
answer-Do you have any birthmarks or moles? If so, please describe them. Have any of
them changed color, size or shape?
Rationale: Establishing normal or baseline data allows future variations to be detected.
Multiple or atypical moles increase one's risk for skin cancer. A change in appearance or
bleeding of any skin make, especially a mole, may indicate cancer.
(pg 241)
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