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Portage Pharmacology Module 5.
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Portage Pharmacology Module 5What parts of the respiratory tract are considered to be upper respiratory? - correct
answer-From the nasal cavity to the larynx. This includes the paranasal sinuses, the nostrils,
the oral cavity, and the pharynx.
What parts of the respiratory tract are considered the lower respiratory tract. - correct
answer-From the trachea down to the diaphragm. To include the bronchial tree, the lungs,
the carina of strachea
What is COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)? - correct answer-It is both
emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
What is chronic bronchitis? - correct answer-It is chronic inflammation or irritation of the
lower respiratory tract (bronchioles and bronchi) leading to mucus secretions increasing and
thickening which interferes with the gas exchange. Drug therapy can provide relief from
symptoms but damage can be irreversible.
What is asthma? - correct answer-It is recurrent and reversible shortness of breath resulting
from narrowing of the bronchi and bronchioles.
What is a chemical mediator? - correct answer-It is defined as a substance that is released
from mast cells and white blood cells during inflammation and allergic reactions. They are
responsible for most of the symptoms and complications associated with COPD.
Which chemical mediator are we focusing on? - correct answer-leukotrienes.
What do leukotrienes do? - correct answer-They are potent bronchoconstrictors with a long
duration of action. They stimulate receptors responsible for bronchoconstriction, edema, and
other inflammatory actions.
What class of drug are used to counter the effects of leukotrienes? - correct
answer-Leukotriene inhibitors. They have an important role in treating asthma.
What is asthma caused by? - correct answer-The narrowing of the bronchioles by
bronchospasm, inflammation, and mucus production. These can be the result of allergic
asthma, or intrinsic asthma like respiratory infections, stress, and cold weather.
What is emphysema? - correct answer-It is when the spaces within the bronchioles enlarge
as a result of the destruction of the alveolar walls. This leads to less surface area for gas
exchange.
What causes emphysema? - correct answer-It is caused by enzymes that are released in
response to inflammation from pollution, tobacco smoke, and other irritants.
, What does the enlarged space from emphysema do? - correct answer-It causes
hyperinflation, or the struggle to expel air making them feel short of breath, over time there is
irreversible lung damage.
What are the three classes of bronchodilators? - correct answer-beta-adrenergic agonists
anticholinergics
xanthine derivatives
What are bronchodilators? - correct answer-They are medications that improve air flow by
relaxing the smooth muscle cells in the bronchial leading to dilation and increased air flow.
Which drug is used for short acting relief for an asthma attack? - correct answer-The short
acting Beta agonists (SABA) used in emergency situations- albuterol, levalbuterol
What are the adverse effects of the beta adrenergic agonists? - correct answer-Skeletal
muscle tremors and increased heart rate.
What is drug is used as a long term maintenance treatment for asthmatic patients? - correct
answer-Long acting beta agonists (LABA) - Salmeterol, Formoterol
What do anticholinergic asthma medications do to work? - correct answer-Prevention of
bronchospasm associated with COPD. Can also be used as a an additional vasodilator for
asthmatics with no symptoms relief from traditional medications.
What are some examples of anticholinergic medications? - correct answer-ipratropium, and
tiotropium - they are first line treatment for COPD and are also used as add on therapy for
additional bronchodilation in asmtha.
What are some adverse events of anticholinergics? - correct answer-Dry mouth and upper
respiratory passage - they are also not quite as a potent bronchodilator as the beta 2
agonists
How do anticholinergic asthma medications work? - correct answer-There are receptors for
acetylcholine on the surface of the bronchioles within the lungs. Acetylcholine is a
neurotransmitter that causes bronchoconstriction and increased mucus secretion.
Anticholinergics block the effects of acetylcholine. They cause bronchodilation and there is a
reduced volume of respiratory secretions.
How do xanthine derived bronchodilators work? - correct answer-XDB (Theophyline) comes
in tablet and is used to treat COPD and Asthma its not used very often. It inhibits the
enzyme phosphodiesterase (PDE). PDE is known to inactivate the compound cAMP.
Treatment results in an increase of cAMP and ultimately bronchodilation. It can also
decrease specific chemical mediators like histamine that are known to drive allergic
reactions.
How do Beta2 adrenergic work to assuage the symptoms of COPD and asthma? - correct
answer-The bronchioles are surrounded by smooth muscle that is contracting, beta 2
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