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XI_PHYSICS_NEW CHAPTER_10 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER
XI_PHYSICS_NEW CHAPTER_10 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER
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XI_PHYSICS_NEW CHAPTER_10 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTERXI_PHYSICS_NEW CHAPTER_10 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER
10.1 INTRO; 10.2 TEMPERATURE AND HEAT; 10.3 MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE
S# False Statement True Statement
Heat flows from cold objects to hot Heat flows from hot objects to cold objects due to
1
objects due to temperature differences. temperature differences.
The freezing point of water is 200°C under
2 The freezing point of water is 0°C under standard pressure.
standard pressure.
Temperature is a measure of 'coldness' of
3 Temperature is a measure of 'hotness' of a body.
a body.
Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius under standard
4 Water always boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
conditions.
Mercury thermometers use water as the Mercury thermometers use mercury as the temperature-
5
temperature-sensitive material. sensitive material.
The ice point and steam point of water The ice point and steam point of water are 0°C and 100°C,
6
are 100°C and 0°C, respectively. respectively, on the Celsius scale under standard conditions.
There are 360 equal intervals between the There are 100 equal intervals between the ice and steam
7
ice and steam points. points.
An absolute reference for temperature An absolute reference for temperature expansion is not
8
expansion is always available. always available.
9 Heat is a form of matter. Heat is a form of energy, not matter.
Ice-cold water can never warm up on a Ice-cold water can warm up on a hot day when exposed to
10
hot summer day. heat.
The Fahrenheit scale has 100 equal The Fahrenheit scale has 180 equal intervals between
11
intervals between reference points. reference points.
Mercury thermometers measure Mercury thermometers measure temperature by the
12
temperature by volume change. expansion and contraction of mercury.
Water boils at 100 degrees Fahrenheit at Water boils at 212 degrees Fahrenheit at sea level under
13
sea level. standard atmospheric pressure conditions.
Heat flows from a colder object to a
14 Heat flows from hotter objects to colder ones.
hotter object.
The Celsius scale uses the ice point and The Celsius scale uses the ice point as the zero reference and
15
the steam point as reference points. the steam point as 100 degrees.
Temperature is measured in Kelvin (K) or degrees Celsius
16 Temperature is measured in joules (J).
(°C).
When an object is heated, its volume When an object is heated, its volume may increase or
17
always decreases. decrease depending on the substance.
Celsius and Fahrenheit scales have the
The Celsius scale has 100 equal intervals, and the Fahrenheit
18 same number of equal intervals between
scale has 180 equal intervals between reference points.
reference points.
Boiling and freezing points of water vary Boiling and freezing points of water change under different
19
under different pressures. pressures.
Temperature is a measure of matter's
20 Temperature measures the hotness or coldness of matter.
volume.
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, XI_PHYSICS_NEW CHAPTER_10 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER
XI_PHYSICS_NEW CHAPTER_10 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER
10.4 IDEAL-GAS EQUATION AND ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE
S# False Statement True Statement
All gases at high densities exhibit the Expansion behavior in gases is related to low densities, not
1
same expansion behavior. high densities.
Boyle's law states that pressure and
Boyle's law states that pressure and volume are inversely
2 volume are inversely proportional at
proportional at constant temperature.
constant temperature.
Charles' law states that volume is
Charles' law states that volume is directly proportional to
3 inversely proportional to temperature at
temperature at constant pressure.
constant pressure.
Gases at high density strictly follow
4 Gases at high density deviate from Boyle's and Charles' laws.
Boyle's and Charles' laws.
The Kelvin temperature scale begins at
5 Absolute zero in Kelvin is −273.15 °C, not equivalent to 0 °C.
absolute zero, equivalent to 0 °C.
All gases expand at the same rate
6 Gas expansion varies with density.
regardless of density.
Kelvin temperature scale was invented by
7 Lord Kelvin developed the Kelvin temperature scale.
Robert Boyle.
The universal gas constant is denoted by
8 The universal gas constant is denoted by R, not µ.
the symbol µ.
A gas's pressure and volume are inversely Boyle's law: PV is directly proportional at constant
9
proportional at constant temperature. temperature.
The Celsius and Kelvin temperature scales
10 The units on Celsius and Kelvin scales are the same in size.
have different-sized units.
Pressure decreases as gas density
11 Pressure increases with gas density.
increases.
Charles' law is applicable only to high-
12 Charles' law applies to all gases, regardless of density.
density gases.
The Celsius scale uses Fahrenheit The Celsius scale is based on the boiling and freezing points
13
temperature as a reference point. of water.
The correct ideal gas law is PV = nRT, where n is the number
14 Ideal gas law states PV = pRT.
of moles.
Absolute zero is the temperature at which Absolute zero is a temperature at which gases have minimal
15
all gases become solids. thermal motion.
All gases exhibit the same expansion Different gases may have varying expansion behaviors at low
16
behavior at low densities. densities.
The Kelvin and Celsius temperature scales The Kelvin and Celsius scales have different-sized
17
have the same size of temperature units. temperature units.
Boyle's law relates pressure and volume Boyle's law: pressure and volume are inversely proportional
18
when temperature is held constant. at constant temperature.
Charles' law states that the volume of a
Charles' law: volume and temperature are directly
19 gas is directly proportional to
proportional at constant pressure.
temperature at constant pressure.
The ideal gas law applies only to a given The ideal gas law applies to any quantity of any low-density
20
quantity of a single gas. gas.
Absolute zero is the point at which gases Absolute zero is the lowest possible temperature where
21
transition to a solid state. gases have minimal thermal motion.
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, XI_PHYSICS_NEW CHAPTER_10 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER
XI_PHYSICS_NEW CHAPTER_10 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER
10.5 THERMAL EXPANSION
S# False Statement True Statement
Metals generally expand upon heating due to increased
1 Metals contract upon heating.
molecular motion.
The volume of a gas is unaffected by According to the ideal gas law, gas volume changes with
2
temperature changes. temperature at constant pressure.
Water contracts with temperature Water typically expands as temperature increases, except in
3
increase. the range of 0-4°C.
An increase in temperature leads to a An increase in temperature corresponds to an increase in the
4
decrease in kinetic energy. kinetic energy of particles.
Aluminum has a higher coefficient of Aluminum typically has a lower coefficient of linear
5
linear expansion than steel. expansion compared to steel.
Thermal expansion is the contraction of a Thermal expansion refers to a material's increase in size or
6
material due to increased temperature. volume with an increase in temperature.
Invar, a nickel-iron alloy, expands Invar is specifically designed to have minimal thermal
7
significantly with temperature. expansion with temperature changes.
Glass exhibits a high coefficient of volume Glass typically has a low coefficient of volume expansion
8
expansion. compared to many other materials.
The coefficient of linear expansion for The coefficient of linear expansion for iron is approximately
9
iron is 0.32 × 10^-5 K^-1. 1.2 × 10^-5 K^-1.
Thermal stress occurs due to excessive Thermal stress is caused by uneven thermal expansion,
10
contraction with increasing temperature. leading to internal stresses in a material
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