Exam (elaborations)
XI_Zoology_New_Chap-17 Locomotion and Movement (80 AR Items).
XI_Zoology_New_Chap-17 Locomotion and Movement (80 AR Items).
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Spread the Happiness. Assertion and Reason Statements Feedback: 9008271516XI_ZOOLOGY_NEW_CHAPTER-17: LOCOMOTION AND MOVEMENT _ A&R TEST ITEMS
# Correct Assertion Correct Reason
17.1 TYPES OF MOVEMENT
Locomotion is a subset of movement characterized While all locomotion involves movement, it specifically refers to
1
by voluntary displacement. voluntary changes in position or location.
Environmental factors influence the diversity of Habitat characteristics and situational demands dictate the selection
2
locomotion methods among animals. of locomotion strategies in different species.
Muscular contraction is essential for executing Muscles provide the mechanical force required for efficient
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precise and coordinated locomotion. movement and navigation through the environment.
Ciliary movement aids in maintaining respiratory Coordinated ciliary action in the trachea expels foreign particles,
4 tract cleanliness and facilitating ovum transport. while in the female reproductive tract, it assists in ovum propulsion.
Human cells exhibit diverse movement patterns, Different cell types demonstrate distinct modes of movement
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including amoeboid, ciliary, and muscular. essential for physiological functions.
Amoeboid movement relies on dynamic Cellular structures like pseudopodia and microfilaments facilitate the
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pseudopodia formation and cytoskeletal elements. amoeboid movement of specialized cells.
Integrated functioning of muscular, skeletal, and The coordinated activity of multiple physiological systems ensures
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neural systems is critical for effective locomotion. efficient movement and stability.
Muscular movement encompasses actions involving Muscles play a pivotal role in executing various bodily movements,
8 limbs, jaws, and tongue, crucial for locomotion and including locomotion, and maintaining physiological processes.
other functions.
Animal locomotion methods are adapted to meet Locomotion strategies evolve based on environmental challenges and
9 specific needs such as foraging, reproduction, and survival requirements.
predator evasion.
Ciliary movement facilitates the clearance of Coordinated ciliary action expels foreign particles, maintaining
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particulate matter from the respiratory tract. respiratory health and function.
Specialized cells like macrophages utilize amoeboid Amoeboid movement enables immune cells to engulf and eliminate
11 movement for immune responses such as pathogens and debris in the body.
phagocytosis.
Locomotory structures in organisms often serve dual Organelles and anatomical features may have overlapping roles in
12 functions, contributing to both movement and other facilitating movement and other cellular or organismal functions.
physiological processes.
17.2 MUSCLE
Skeletal muscles exhibit striated appearance due to The interaction between skeletal muscles and bones results in
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their association with bones. distinct striations observable under microscopy.
Skeletal muscles are classified as voluntary because Voluntary control allows for conscious movement and coordination
14 they are innervated by the somatic nervous system. of skeletal muscle actions.
Visceral muscles facilitate involuntary functions such Involuntary control ensures continuous organ function without
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as digestion and reproductive processes. conscious effort.
Cardiac muscles, arranged in a branching pattern, The branching arrangement optimizes synchronization of contraction
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form the structural basis of the heart. for efficient pumping action.
Sarcomeres, delimited by Z lines, represent the basic Z lines demarcate sarcomeres and serve as anchoring points for thin
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contractile units of muscle fibers. filaments during contraction.
Muscle contraction relies on the interaction between The sliding filament mechanism enables the shortening of
18 myosin and actin filaments within sarcomeres. sarcomeres and muscle contraction.
The striated appearance of myofibrils results from The differential distribution of contractile proteins gives rise to the
19 the alternating arrangement of actin and myosin banded pattern observed under microscopy.
filaments.
The sarcoplasmic reticulum serves as a calcium Calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum initiates and
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reservoir essential for muscle contraction. regulates the contraction cycle within sarcomeres.
Parallel alignment of filaments within myofibrils Filament alignment allows for synchronous contraction, maximizing
21 ensures coordinated force generation during force production across the muscle fiber.
contraction.
The H zone represents the central region of thick The distinct structure of the H zone enables precise measurement of
22 filaments within sarcomeres, devoid of overlap with sarcomere length during contraction.
thin filaments.
17.2.1 Structure of Contractile Proteins; 17.2.2 Mechanism of Muscle Contraction
Actin filaments consist of helically wound F-actins, This composition defines the structural framework of actin filaments,
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tropomyosin, and troponin. essential for muscle contraction.
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